State the percentage of each gas in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen – 78%
Oxygen – 21%
1% – Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon, Helium etc

State the gases that make up the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is made up of mainly Nitrogen and Oxygen, with trace amounts of Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Neon and Helium 

Explain the role of human factors programmes in promoting aviation safety. Physiology and the Effects of Flight 

Human factors originally arose out of aircraft accident investigation, mainly from the rising number of aircraft accidents in which no obvious technical cause or failure could be found. 

Most accidents have a human element of factor as their main cause, in the region of 75%!

Human factors can be seen as an important part of aviation theory as a way of accident prevention. It encompases aircraft, cockpit, instruents, checklists, systems and software designs; as well as physiology and the effects of flight on the human body. 

Describe the fundamentals of the SHEL Model in relation to the interaction of humans with other humans, hardware, information sources and the environment. 

Components of the SHELL model:

Software

Software comprehends all non-physical resources, which are for organical operation, like organizational policies/rules, procedures, manuals and placards

Hardware

Hardware includes various equipments, tools, aircraft, workspace, buildings and other physical resources without human elements in aviation 

Enviroment

Environment includes not only the factors which influence where people are working such as climate, temperature, vibration and noise, but also socio-political and economic factors

Liveware

Liveware includes factors like teamwork, communication, leadership and norms

Liveware

Defined as human elements such as knowledge, attitudes, cultures and stress. This Liveware is regarded as the core of the SHELL Model and other components match with the Liveware as the central figure

Define human factors as used in an aviation context.

The term human factors broadens the traditional areas of Aviation Medicine, Aviation Psychology and Ergonomics and Engineering

Moved from realm of accident investigation to accident prevention

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State the approximate proportion of aircraft accidents and incidents commonly attributed to human performance errors. 

75% of aircraft accidents and incidents are caused by human errors. 

List the common causes of fatal accidents for private general aviation pilots in New Zealand. 

The most common causes of fatal accidents for private general aviation pilots are:

• Flight into deteriorating weather
• Loss of visual reference / loss of control 

Describe key features of good and safe airmanship.

A good pilot is one who practices good and safe airmanship. This includes:

• Common sense
• Good aviation practices
• High standards
• Clear thinking
• Clear information processing
• Make reasoned decisions and judgements
• Communicate effectively
• Get along with people
• Remain rational and cool at all times
• Instill confidence in others