12.32.12(b) . high oil pressure; 

High oilressure is probably an indication of a sssstuck pressure relief valve.

12.32.12(a) . low/zero oil pressure; 

A low oil pressure indication can be caused by a number of things:
– low oil quantity
– excessive wear in parts of the engine eg bearings
– a leak in an oil line or tank
– oil pump problems
– pressure relief valve sticking open.
– faulty gauge
among other things.

12.32.12. Identify the possible oil system malfunctions indicated by:

Indications
Abnormal Oil Pressure

Fluctuating oil pressure
– quantity of oil available is low / failure of scavenge pump
Low oil pressure
– low oil quantity (lack of replenishment / leaking tank / broken supply line)
– loss of oil pressure (failure of pressure pump/ pressure line/ failing bearings)
– faulty oil pressure gauge – pressure indication falls but not accompanies by rise in oil temp

High oil pressure
– likely faulty pressure relief valve

Abnormal Oil Temperature
High oil temperature – (general overheating of the engine / probs with lubrication system)

Oil pressure and temperature together
– if low or fluctuating oil pressure occurs in flight with a rise in oil temperature => indicates a serious problem with the lubrication system
Land as soon as possible / Forced landing without power if engine seizes

Actions
– with any problem concerning oil plan to land sooner rather than later

12.32.10(b) . checking the correct oil quantity before flight. 

Oil Quantity
– check oil level during each pre-flight inspection
– the oil level on the dipstick should be between the maximum and minimum levels
– if below the minimum the engine will overheat due to less oil circulating in the engine
– if overfull – the excess oil may be forced out through various parts of the engine

12.32.10(a) . using the correct type and grade of oil for a particular aircraft; 

There are different oils available for different types of aircraft engine
To help this process the various oils are graded by viscosity by the SAE – (Society of Automotive Engineers)
Use only the oil recommended in the POH (pilots operating handbook) otherwise there is the risk of poor lubrication, overheating, wromg oil pressure, engine damage

Oil Quantity
– check oil level during each pre-flight inspection
– the oil level on the dipstick should be between the maximum and minimum levels
– if below the minimum the engine will overheat due to less oil circulating in the engine
– if overfull – the excess oil may be forced out through various parts of the engine

12.32.10. Explain the importance of:

12.32.8(f) . oil pressure and temperature gauges. 

Oil Pressure
– oil pressure gauge in the cockpit indicates the oil pressure provided by the oil pump
– the oil pressure sensor is situated in the pressure line between the oil pump and engine

Oil Temperature
– gauge is located in the cockpit
– the sensor unit is immersed in oil which has been through the oil cooler.

12.32.8(e) . oil cooler, bypass valves and filters; 

Oil cooler
– in order to control the temperature of the oil at the correct level to ensure good lubrication a thermally operated valve directs it through an oil cooler

Bypass Valves
– these allow the oil cooler or filter to be bypassed if the either should become blocked

Filter
– this removes contaminants such as dirt and grit from the oil

12.32.8(d) . oil lines, passages and galleries; 

– the oil lines, passages and galleries form the distribution network which delivers the oil to the points needing lubrication and then return it to the storage tank or sump.

12.32.8(c) . engine-driven pump, pressure relief valve; 

Engine driven pump
– The oil pump picks up oil from the sump or holding tank and distributes it under pressure the the points needing lubrication.

Oil pressure relief valve
– is incorporated into the system on the engine side of the main pump
– when oil pressure reaches a pre-determined limit the spring-loaded valve will open and divert oil back to the pump inlet to control pressure
– A dry sump system also has scavange pump/s to collect oil and return it to the holding tank.