Archives: Theory Courses

2. Sender From

Generally your Aircraft Call Sign.

MDS – Mike Delta Sierra

or

LMR – Lima Mike Romeo

b) Word spelling

Letter  Word               Say                    
A ALFA AL-fah
B BRAVO BRA-vo
C CHARLIE CHAR-lee
D DELTA DELL-ta
E ECHO ECK-oh
F FOXTROT FOKS-trot
G GOLF GOLF
H HOTEL ho-TELL
I INDIA IN-de-ah
J JULIETT JEW-lee-ETT
K KILO KEY-lo
L LIMA LEE-ma
M MIKE MIKE
N NOVEMBER no-VEM-ber
O OSCAR OSS-car
P PAPA pah-PAH
Q QUEBEC key-BECK
R ROMEO ROW-me-oh
S SIERRA see-AIR-ra
T TANGO TAN-go
U UNIFORM YOU-nee-form
V VICTOR VIK-ta
W WHISKEY WISS-key
X X-RAY ECKS-ray
Y YANKEE YANG-kee
Z ZULU ZOO-loo

2.8.4 State the requirements for the carriage of an ELT.

2.8.4 
State the requirements for the carriage of an ELT


Requirements for the carriage of an ELT

Under rule 91.529, a person must not operate a NZ Certificate of Registration 
aircraft without an ELT(AF) unless it is:

1. When the aircraft is ferried to a place where the automatic ELT(AF) is to be installed provided NO PASSENGERS ARE CARRIED.
2. When the aircraft is to be ferried from a place where ELT repairs or replacement cannot be made to a place where they can be made provided NO PASSENGERS ARE CARRIED.
3. For a period of SEVEN (7) DAYS when the automatic ELT is inoperative, and a portable ELT is accessible to each person on board the aircraft

This rule does not apply to the following aircraft:

1. An aircraft with no more than one seat if the pilot is equipped with an Emergency 
Locator Transmitter (Survival) ELT(S) or Personal Locator Beacon (PLB).
2. A glider or micro-light aircraft if at least one person carried in it is equipped with 
an ELT(S) or PLB.
3. A glider or powered aircraft, including a micro-light aircraft, that is equipped with 
no more than two seats, if the glider or powered aircraft is operated not more than 10 
nm from the aerodrome from which the glider or powered aircraft took off.
4. A manned free balloon.

2.6.4 Describe the function of the following terms, and explain th

2.6.4 
Describe the function of the following terms, and explain the procedures to 
transmit: 
(a) Mode A information; and 
(b) Mode C information.


Mode A information


Mode A information is transmitted through the transponder through the ‘ON’ function. 

When selected, mode A information (position only) is sent. 

Mode C information 


Mode C information is transmitted through the transponder through the ‘ALT’ function.

When selected, mode C information (position and altitude) is sent. 


2.2.2 Describe the basic characteristics of High Frequency (HF) and Very High Frequency

Very High Frequency (VHF)

High Frequency (HF)

Used

The General Aircraft Radio

HF radio long distance

(a) Range

The main advantage of VHF is that the waves travel for a long distance, even when the transmitter is a low power unit like a hand-held radio. The disadvantages of VHF is that the signals are only line of sight (+10%) and the waves don’t bend around mountains or obstacles.

Line of sight can be calculated by √(1.5 x Height)

Where Height is in Ft and Line of Sight is in NM.

This means the transmissions can be blocked or degraded by parts of the airframe, terrain or meteorological conditions. The quality of the transmission depends on the quality of the receiver and headset, and the amount of electrical noise produced by the ignition, alternator and other electrical components

HF radio waves follow the Earths surface and bounce off the ionosphere, also called sky waves. High frequency waves have a long range compared to other frequencies, and are also best for transmitting and receiving in the lee of mountain ranges.

(b) Surface interference

VHF waves are easily blocked and degraded by surface interference; this is because the waves are not able to bend around mountains and other surface interference, and therefore bounce back

HF radio waves rarely suffer from surface interference, and the waves are able to reach the other side of mountains and other obstacles. 

(c) Clarity of reception

The range overall and in In mountainous terrain VHF relay stations and satellites are often installed and used to improve the quality of transmissions. Generally speaking, the higher the aircraft flies, the stronger and further the waves will travel.

The main disadvantage of HF is the clarity of reception is variable. 

Summary

Advantage

Disadvantage

V.H.F.

Travel for a long distances even when the transmitter 
is a low power unit like a hand-held

Signals are line of sight (plus 10%)
Don’t tend to bend around objects like mountains

H.F.

The range overall and in difficult/mountainous conditions is much better.

The clarity of transmissions is more variable

2.18.4 Detail the TIBA procedures with respect to:

(a) VHF frequencies to be used;
(b) Listening watch;
(c) Times of broadcasts. 

TIBA procedures


TIBA will be promulgated through NOTAM, the frequency will be included in the advice; otherwise it can be found in the COM section of AIPNZ Vol 4. AIP TIBA


A listening watch on the appropriate frequency should be maintained from 10 minutes prior to entering a given airspace until leaving that airspace. If leaving an aerodrome within the limits of designated airspace, a listening watch should be started as soon as possible before or after take off. 

Always give as much advance notice as possible of your intentions. Broadcasts should be made:

* 10 minutes prior to entry

* As soon as possible before or after take off

* 10 minutes prior to crossing a reporting point 

* 2-5 minutes prior to changing altitude, at the time of changing altitude and on reaching the required altitude. 

* Any time the pilot considers it necessary 

2.16.4 Detail the actions to be taken when experiencing loss of com

2.16.4 
Detail the actions to be taken when experiencing loss of communications in: 
(a) Controlled airspace; 
(b) Uncontrolled airspace; 
(c) Special use airspace.

FLY YOUR AIRCRAFT

Squawk 7600

Maintain separation from cloud, terrain and other aircraft

Keep a good LOOKOUT

If radio communications are still lost:

If transponder equipped SQUAWK 7600

* If in controlled airspace – obey the most recent clearance instructions

* Avoid areas of high traffic density and fly to the nearest uncontrolled aerodrome – maintain VMC if unable to divert to an uncontrolled aerodrome, enter the airspace  via a published arrival procedure or approach side on to the runway in use and do a standard overhead rejoin and telephone the nearest ATS unit asap after landing.

Can try Listening to ATIS and FISB if possible and respond to instructions that ATC may issue via ATIS frequency

If radio failure occurs in an uncontrolled airspace land at nearest suitable aerodrome. Contact the ATS unit  after landing.

If operating in a Mandatory Broadcast Zone divert to an alternative aerodrome outside the MBZ unless the situation demands proceeding to MBZ aerodrome without communication

If a mobile phone is available attempt to establish communications with an ATS unit 

When diverting to an alternative aerodrome turn on the landing lights, beacons and strobes and approach the aerodrome clear of the final approach area and carry out the standard overhead re-join. 

2.14.2 Describe the degrees of emergency that warrant:

2.14.2 
Describe the degrees of emergency that warrant: 
(a) a distress call (MAYDAY); and 
(b) an urgency call (PAN PAN).

Distress

Distress is defined as a condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and 
requiring immediate assistance.

A distress situation such as a fire in flight or engine failure warrants a MAYDAY call
Aircraft Fire

Urgency

Urgency is defined as a condition concerning the safety of an aircraft, or of some person on board 
or within sight, but which does not require immediate assistance.

A urgency situation such a medical event or precautionary landing  warrants a PAN PAN call

2.12.2 Demonstrate proficiency in standard radiotelephony phraseology

2.12.2 
Demonstrate proficiency in standard radiotelephony phraseologies and procedures 
for: 
(a) All VFR operations in controlled and uncontrolled airspace; 
(b) Taxi, take-off, approach and landing at controlled aerodromes, Flight Service 
aerodromes, aerodromes served by UNICOM, and uncontrolled aerodromes; and 
(c) Read-back instructions.


Radio – Phraseology and Procedures

(a) With regards to VFR operations in controlled and uncontrolled airspace; you must be familiar and comfortable with procedures and phraseologies listed previously in the course, relating to VFR operations 
(b) Taxi, take-off, approach and landing at controlled aerodromes, Flight Service aerodromes, aerodromes served by UNICOM, and uncontrolled aerodromes; and must be familiar with what frequency you need to be on, how to address the service or traffic, how often you need to make radio calls and when you must request something vs when you must state what you are doing. 

(c) When a controller gives you a clearance, you must read back the clearance, followed by your call sign to acknowledge you have heard and understood the clearance. 

1. Address To

Who is your Radio Call intend for..

“Rotorua Tower”

“Tauranga Tower”