Describe the optical characteristics of the windshield.
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Explain the effect of sloping terrain on visual perception.
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Explain the effect of the following factors on visual perception during an approach:
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* * * Hearing & Balance * * *
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Describe the anatomy and physiology of the ear.
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Describe the effect of prolonged noise exposure on hearing.
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Describe methods of protecting hearing.
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Explain the effects of age induced hearing loss (presbycusis).
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Explain the effects of pressure changes on the middle ear and eustachian tubes.
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Explain the effects of colds; hay fever; and/or allergies on the sinuses and eustachian tubes.
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* * * Spatial Orientation * * *
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Define spatial orientation.
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Define disorientation.
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Outline the anatomy and physiology of the motion, orientation and gravitational sensory organs, including ...
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Explain the interconnection between the visual and kinasthetic senses in maintaining accurate spatial orientation.
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Explain the body's limitations in maintaining spatial orientation when vision is adversely affected.
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Describe and explain the effects of the following spatial illusions ...
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* * * Gravitational Forces * * *
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Explain the causes and symptoms of black-out and red-out.
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* * * Motion Sickness * * *
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Explain the causes of motion sickness.
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Describe how motion sickness can be prevented.
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Explain the effects of positive and negative accelerations on ...
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Describe how motion sickness can be treated.
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