Archives: Theory Courses

18.12.8 Explain how true and indicated altitudes are related

18.12.8 Explain how true and indicated altitudes are related when using flight levels.

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18.28.14 Convert between:

18.28.14 Convert between:
(a) degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius;
(b) nautical miles, statute miles and kilometre ( 1%);
(c) metres and feet ( 2%);
(d) pounds and kilograms ( 2%);
(e) litres, imperial and US gallons ( 2%);
(f) a volume of fuel (in litres, imperial or US gallons) and a mass of fuel (in
pounds or kilograms) ( 2%).
Fahrenheit ↔ Celsius

To convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius, we align the Fahrenheit and celsius markers on the inner and outer scales. We read off the temperature on one scale which is converted to the other unit using the scale. 
Nautical miles ↔ Statute miles
10101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425253030353540404545505055556060707080809090

To convert between Nautical Miles and Statute Miles, we align the Nautical miles and Statute miles markers on the inner and outer scales.

With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.


Nautical miles ↔ Kilometers

To convert between Nautical Miles and Kilometers, we align the Nautical miles and KM markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Statute miles ↔ Kilometers
10101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425253030353540404545505055556060707080809090
To convert between Statute Miles and Kilometers, we align the Statute miles and KM markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Metres ↔ Feet
101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090905.
To convert between Metres and Feet, we align the Metre and Feet markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Pounds ↔ Kilograms

To convert between Kilograms and Pounds we align the KG and LBS markers on the inner and outer scales. With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Litres ↔ Imperial Gallons

To convert between Litres and Imperial Gallons, we align the L and Imp Gal markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Litres ↔ US Gallons

To convert between Litres and US Gallons, we align the L and US Gal markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
US Gallons ↔ Imperial Gallons

To convert between US gallons and Imperial gallons, we align the US Gal and Imp Gal markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Fuel lbs ↔ US Gallons

To convert between Fuel lbs and US gallons, we align the Fuel LBS and US Gal markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Fuel lbs ↔ Imperial Gallons

To convert between Fuel lbs and Imperial Gallons, we align the fuel LBS and Imp Gal markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.
Fuel lbs ↔ Litres

To convert between Fuel lbs and Litres, we align the fuel LBS and L markers on the inner and outer scales.
With the scales aligned, we can read off one scale and convert it to the other scale by reading off the number on the opposite scale.

18.12.6 Explain how true and indicated altitudes are affecte

18.12.6 Explain how true and indicated altitudes are affected by changes in air pressure and air
temperature.
Sub Topic Syllabus Item

18.28.12 Calculate fuel endurance, given the fuel quantity a

18.28.12 Calculate fuel endurance, given the fuel quantity and burn rate.











In this Example ….


You have 75 litres of fuel on board your Cessna. You check the aircraft Flight Manual and work out that at your planned altitude and power setting, you will burn 23 litres per hour. Looking at the cruise, what is your Fuel Endurance?








Setup 








1. Find the 23 Litres on the outside 




2. Set 60 minutes  /1 Hour  on the inside (as is almost always on the inside scale is time)






Read off








4.  Find on the outside  75 litres 
                


3. On the inside scale is fuel endurance of 196 minutes.










              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090901. Outer Find fuel flow of 232. Inner lineup '1 hour'3. Outer find '75'4. read off '196 minutes /2:16 Hours'
 
        

         
    

     

    

         

        

             

             
        

    



  


    

        
(d) the aerodrome charts and associated operational data pages


         
    


     
    

        
These charts contain detailed information on many of the New Zealand aerodromes, including information such as frequencies, runway lengths, runway conditions and much more.




Link to NZ AIP


http://www.aip.net.nz/Home.aspx


Link to NZWK chart


http://www.aip.net.nz/pdf/NZWK_51.1_51.2.pdf




The Whakatane aerodrome chart is included as an example







 
        

         
    

     

    

         

        

             

             
        

    



  


    

        
18.12.4 Explain and apply the VFR table of cruising levels b


         
    


     
    

        
18.12.4 Explain and apply the VFR table of cruising levels below and above transition.




 
        

         
    

     

    

         

        

             

             
        

    



  


    

        
18.28.10 Calculate the fuel burn rate, given the consumption


         
    


     
    

        
18.28.10 Calculate the fuel burn rate, given the consumption and time.








Example 1.


You have flown your Cessna for 45 minutes, and worked out that it will have consumed 20 litres of fuel. How much fuel is your aircraft using per hour (in litres)






Setup 






1. Find the 20 Litres on the outside 




2. Set 45 minutes on the inside (as is almost always on the inside scale is time)




Read off






3. Find the 60 minutes  /1 Hour on the inside time scale.


4.  Read off the outside 24 . which the litres this aircraft would use in 1 hours.







              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090901. Outer Find fuel flow of 182. Inner lineup '45 minutes'4. Outer read off '24'3. Inner find '60 minutes /1 Hours'
 
        

         
    

     

    

         

        

             

             
        

    



  


    

        
(c) the various New Zealand aeronautical charts


         
    


     
    

        


The NZ aeronautical charts contain information including airspace, aerodromes, latitude and longitude, heights, and ground features to name a few. 


Aeronautical charts are used for navigation and reference to frequencies and airspace boundaries. A pilot cannot navigate or plan to fly anywhere without the proper and current charts. 





 
        

         
    

     

    

         

        

             

             
        

    



  


    

        
(j) QFE


         
    


     
    

        
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PNR Quiz


         
    


     
    

        

Quizz One


Example of PNR.
 You planned a flight with distance of 422 nm and your safe fuel Enduance is 3.4 Hours

    with a 'Ground Speed Out' of 165 and 'Ground Speed Home'185 
 

    What is your PNR (Point of No Return)?

		  

			

			  

				The Answer is  ...
			  

			

			

			  

			
			
			A
			
			B
	TAS of 175kts, Distance 422nm
					
					<-<- Head-Wind of 10kts
					
					
						
						297nm <- PNR
					
					

		
To check your Answer ...

		

			
To fly out to 297 mn at 165 kts will take 108 Minutes or 1.8 Hours

              
                10101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425253030353540404545505055556060707080809090GS Out 165 1 Hour locate Distane of 297read off Time = 108 Minutes
To fly back to Departure Airport from  297 mn at 185 kts will take 96 Minutes or 1.6 Hours

  Time Out of 1.8 Hours plus time back home of 1.6 Hours = 3.4 Hours

              
                10101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425253030353540404545505055556060707080809090GS Home 1851 Hourlocate Distane of 297read off Time = 96 Minutes

			

		

		  

			

			  

				Calulate with Nav Computer ... ...
			  

			

			

			  

              
                10101111121213131414151516161717181819192020212122222323242425253030353540404545505055556060707080809090GS Home 185GS Out 165+Home 185=350read off PNR  = 223 nm locate Distane of 422
For the Nav Computer ** Working Yet *** 

\( \frac{ G/S\ Home}{G/S\ On\ +\ G/S\ Home} \) = \(  \frac{Distance\ To\ PNR }{Distance} \)