To calculate TAS, CAS, Pressure Altitude, temperature conversions and many more, pilots use a flight computer (pictured below) 

18.26.2 On the appropriate New Zealand aeronautical charts;
(a) interpret the scale, legend, airspace, geographical features and symbols;
(b) describe the method of indicating relief;
(c) interpret information from aerodrome charts and associated operational data
pages.
Circular Slide Rule

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18.22.2 Explain the difficulties associated with representing a spherical shape on a flat surface.

18.16.2 Define Local Mean Time (LMT).

18.12.2 Define:
(a) indicated altitude;
(b) true altitude;
(c) pressure altitude (PA);
(d) density altitude (DA);
(e) flight level (FL);
(f) transition altitude;
(g) transition layer;
(h) transition level;
(i) QNH;
(j) QFE.

18.10.2 Define a waypoint (WPT).

Knots are used as a measurement of speed.

1 knot = 
1 nautical mile per hour (by definition), 
1.852 kilometres per hour (exactly), 

1.151 miles per hour (approximately). 

18.6.2 Define the various units of distance used in aviation and the application of each.

18.4.2 Define:
(a) relative bearing;
(b) back bearing.

A relative bearing is a bearing relative to the nose of the aircraft.

Nose =360° , left wing =90°  Tail =180° etc..

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A Great Circle is any circle drawn onto a map which cuts the earth through the center. Following the path of a great circle drawn between two points is the shortest possible path to any location.

All Meridian of Longitude and also Great Circles