Archives: Theory Courses

Crosswind circuit Briefing

Learn to position the controls while taxiing, compensate for drift and takeoff/land in crosswind conditions.

* * * Crosswind circuit * * *

Objectives(Briefing:Crosswind circuit) To correctly position the aeroplane controls while taxiing. To compensate for drift throughout the circuit. To takeoff and land in crosswind conditions.
1. Considerations(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)On the Ground- Aeroplane has tendency to weathercock into wind- Position controls to compensate for wind
1. Considerations Drift(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)On Takeoff- Allow for drift to track along the runway centrelineIn the Circuit- Allow for drift and headwind/tailwindon each leg- Base leg will be affected the mostOn Landing- As crosswind increases amount of flap useddecreases- to improve directional control- More airspeed needed if gusty conditions- Need to consider overall suitability of runwayon crosswind conditions
Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)- In Flight Manual- Limited by ability of rudder to control aeroplane- For this aeroplane is ??ktsCalculating Crosswind Component- Need W/V from TAF or METAR- Convert the direction to Magnetic- apply variationVector Diagram- Need pencil, paper, ruler and protractorFlight Manual GraphNav ComputerWindsockTowerFormula- Angular difference between wind and RWYPlot on watch face- Percentage of distance around watch face x wind strength = X/W component - 30° = half wind strength, 60° = full wind strength
2. Airmanship etc(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Airmanship- Making the calculations improves SA- Max crosswind is a recommendation,but may be other limitsAeroplane Management- Control position on ground wrt wind- May need to use brakesHuman Factors- Assessing runway suitabilityimproved Aeronautical Descision Making(ADM)
5. Air Exercise - Takeoff(Briefing:Crosswind circuit) (A) Line-up,- adjust reference point for drift- Ailerons fully into wind, elevator neutral(B) During roll - reduce aileron to neutral by rotate point- Lift off at slightly higher speed than normal(C) After lift-off make a gentle balancedturn into wind
Air Ex. Climb-out - Downwind(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Climb-out- Wings level, in balance- Adjust heading to track extended centreline
5. Air Exercise - Crosswind(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Crosswind- Reference heading allows for drift- Expect some headwind or tailwind
Air Exercise - Downwind(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Downwind- Allow for wind on downwind turn- Track parallel to runway- Assess runway and decide on speeds and flap setting to use- Check downwind spacing
Air Exercise - Base -> Final(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Base- Allow for drift and headwind or tailwind- Extend all the landing flap- Anticipate turn onto finalFinal- Track extended centreline- Power controls rate of descent
Air Exercise - Landing(Briefing:Crosswind circuit)Combination of kick straight and wing down methodsKick-straight- Crab into wind- Just before touchdown, kick straight, aileron to keep on centrelineWing-down- From short final- Wing held down, rudder to keep aligned with centreline- Sideslip- Land on into wind wheel firstCombination- Crab into wind on final- During round-out switch to wing down method,- Aileron to stay aligned with centreline, rudder to stay straight- Into wind wheel touches down first. . . . .

Flapless landings Briefing

Learn to carry out a flapless approach and landing.

* * * Flapless landings * * *

Objective(Briefing:Flapless landings)To carry out aflapless approachand landing.
1. Considerations(Briefing:Flapless landings)In all cases, when faced with the unexpected -> Aviate -> Navigate -> Communicate Flap System - Flap system operated by - Electrical system diagrammatics - Flap operating system diagrammatics Detection - To help detection of this failure beforegetting airborne - Thorough preflight inspection - Sound systems knowledge - Regular SADIE checks - Probably won’t detect it until base leg - Once detected - go aroundCauses - Mechanical linkage failure -(manual or electric flap) - Electric flap motor failure - Electrical current failure - Overspeed - should never happen - Always limit speed to below VFEbefore deploying flap Diagnosis - Once in level flight,can then diagnose problem - Check electrics for indications - Master ON, Circuit Breakers set,_ Battery output - Visual check for indication failure
Procedure(Briefing:Flapless landings)Procedure - Stall speed inceased, incease approach speed higher (5 kts) - Longer landing distance P-charts have no detail/information - Less power required - Descent angle shallower - Less visibility over the nose
2. Airmanship etc.(Briefing:Flapless landings) Airmanship - Good systems knowledge - SADIE checks - Higher approach speed Aeroplane Management - Small power changes to adjust approach path Human Factors - Lower nose attitudecauses illusion and acceleration
5. Air Exercise(Briefing:Flapless landings)- Will simulate late downwind- Carry out a go aroundand position downwind 2. Downwind - Downwind checks and radio call - Assess runway length - Confirm appropriate approach speed - Choose power setting for approach Extend downwind leg 3. Base - Lower power - Higher nose attitude - Trim - Anticipate turn onto final4. The Approach_ - Attitude to maintain higher approach speed - Small power changes to adjust RoD - Higher nose attitude less forward visibility Landing - Less round-out - Slight hold-offDo not over-flare wait for touchdownCaution floating may require go around

Engine failure after take-off Briefing

Learn the recommended procedure in the event of an engine failure below 1000 ft AGL.

* * * Engine failure after take-off * * *

Objective(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off) To adopt the recommended procedure in the event of an engine failure at low level (below 1000ft AGL). Relevant Previous Exercises.... Where is the cross wind leg? At the end of Downwind leg ... What is the Procedure to enter a descent?
1. Considerations Cause => Prevention(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off)Carb ice - Be aware of temp and humidity- Carb heat HOT- Preflight run-up Air blockage - Carb hear HOT - alternate air- Preflight inspectionFuel contamination - Water or solid particles in the fuel- Preflight fuel check and sample Fuel starvation - Wrong tank selection (or OFF) or fuel pump problems- Preflight run-up Fuel exhaustion - Run out of fuel- Preflight planning and inspection Spark- Preflight inspection and run-up
Aborted Takeoff(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off) - Early in the takeoff roll, with runway available...close throttle, braking as required, keep straight
Go Around(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off) - Full power, keep straight with rudder,raise the nose attitude to the horizon,climb straight ahead, retracting any flap,continuing climb out
Engine Failure After Takeoff(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off)Aviate - Lower nose, close throttleNavigate - Choose landing site, flap decisionsCommunicate - Tell ATC / traffic
Takeoff Safety Brief(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off) - Intentions in the event of an EFATO
2. Airmanship / Aeroplane Management / Human Factors /(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off)Airmanship - Pre-takeoff safety brief - Aviate -> Navigate -> Communicate - “Simulating“ - Touch checks - Advise ATC/traffic - Trouble checks - Shutdown checks Aeroplane Management - Systems management - Loose objects in cabin - Smooth throttle movements - Listen for normal sounds Human Factors- Learn checklists and use mnemonics- Plenty of practice available- Avoid mindsets - practise, currency and pre-planning
5. Air Exercise(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off)Aborted TakeoffAviate - Close throttleNavigate - Keep straight, brake as requiredCommunicate - Tell ATC / trafficEngine Failure After Takeoff1. Aviate- Fly the aeroplane lower nose, close throttle - Carb heat HOT 2. Navigate - Choose landing sitefrom anything in the windscreen - Flap as required to make it 3. Communicate (if Time) - MAYDAY Land into wind and keep cabin intact
Trouble and Shutdown Checks(Briefing:Engine failure after take-off)Trouble ChecksF - Fuel Selector ON, fuel pump ON, change tanks (touch)M - Mixture RICH, carb heat HOT, primer LOCKEDI - Ignition BOTH Shutdown ChecksF - Fuel OFFM - Mixture OFFI - Ignition OFFM - Master OFF

Circuit considerations Briefing

Learn the terms and procedures for deviating from the normal circuit.

* * * Circuit considerations * * *

OBJECTIVES:(Briefing:Circuit considerations)1. To use the terms & proceduresfor deviating from the “normal“ circuit. 2. To revise circuits using the “touch and go“ procedure (if applicable). 3. To revise circuits and carry out the go-around procedure. Relevant Previous Exercises.... Where is the cross wind leg? At the end of Downwind leg ... What is the Procedure to enter a descent?
CONSIDERATIONS: 1(Briefing:Circuit considerations)1. Touch and GoRunway of more than adequate length to land, retract flap and takeoff without stopping Saves time, can do more circuits 2. Go-AroundIf for any reason the landing needs to be abandonedAction is ...Full power, raise flap, climb ahead or remember(Power-up,Flaps-up, Go-up) Reasons for a go around are...Runway length inadequateBounced landingLanding path blockedPilot discretionApproach too high or too fastATC instructedWind direction changeToo close to A/C ahead
CONSIDERATIONS: 2(Briefing:Circuit considerations) 3. Orbit360° medium level turnUsed to adjust spacing or to holdCommonly done downwind 4. Extend Downwindto improve separation or as Instructed, adjust base turn and power as needed 5. Dumb-Bell Turnused to reposition forlanding on runway after T/O - AVOID 6. Repositioningpreferred method Repositionof runway change Usually done downwind, n: but can be done on any leg 7. Low Level Circuitis a 500ft AGL circuitShould only with instructorDoes not give you right-of-way
CONSIDERATIONS:4(Briefing:Circuit considerations) Wind GradientWind strength decreases closer to the ground because of frictionAffects flare possible floating WindshearSudden change in wind speed and/or directionWind needs to be 10 kts or moreIf encounter sudden drop in airspeed and/or altitude - Go Around Wake Turbulence
CONSIDERATIONS:8. Wind Gradient(Briefing:Circuit considerations)gradual change of wind speed due to surface friction
CONSIDERATIONS:9. Wind Shear(Briefing:Circuit considerations)sudden change of wind speed or directionincrease approach and threshold speedarrest sink with positive power increasemaintain airspeed with (lower) attitude
CONSIDERATIONS: 10. Wake Turbulence(Briefing:Circuit considerations)Wake TurbulenceDisturbed air caused by wing producing liftAircraft produces spirals from wingtipsAvoid by keeping safe distance from aircraftahead, especially those bigger? If encounter - Go Around
Airmanship(Briefing:Circuit considerations) - Aviate - Navigate - Communicate - ATC clearances - VFR minima in CTZ
AIR EXERCISE:Touch & Go(Briefing:Circuit considerations)1. Touch & GoAfter touchdown (lower nose wheel)- Raise flaps to takeoff setting- Apply full power (keep straight)- Normal take-off
AIR EXERCISE:Go-Around(Briefing:Circuit considerations)2. Go-Around- Carb heat Cold - Full power BEWARE PITCH UP - Nose to level flight attitude - Reduce from full flap setting(as appropriate for A/C type)- positive acceleration - Raise nose to horizon - safe height (obstacles) - safe speed (through __ kts) - positive ROC- Raise remaining flap gradually - At 70 kts select climb attitude - Trim - Advise ATC / traffic “... going around“ - Keep runway in sight but remain clear of traffic- Request early turn (if required) back into circuit . . . . .

Introduction to circuits Briefing

Learn to takeoff, carry out an approach and land while following published procedures.

* * * Introduction to circuits * * *

Objective:(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)To takeoff and follow published proceduresthat conform to the aerodrome traffic circuit,avoiding conflict with other aircraft. To carry out an approach and landing using the most suitable runway.
CONSIDERATIONS : Take off(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)Slipstream Strikes tail and yaws aeroplane Torque Tries to rotate aeroplane and yaws aeroplane CrosswindTries to weathercock aeroplane, Keeping straight With rudder as required,look ahead(Reference Point) Runway length / Surface / SlopeCalculated length required for takeoff Headwind Reduces takeoff roll - always takeoff into wind increases climb angle TailwindIncreases takeoff roll Greatly Reduced climb angle Takeoff into wind To minimise ground rolland distance to 50ft Power Full power for maximum performanceFlap As required
CONSIDERATIONS : Landing(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)WindInto wind to reduce ground roll and distance from 50ft FlapIncrease Lift and Drag, lower stall speed and lower nose attitude Power ControlsRate of Descent, with more airflow over elevator and rudder BrakesOn ground onlyRunway lengthCalculated length required for landing
2. Airmanship(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)* ATC / Traffic * Checklists
2. Airmanship Right of Way (Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Right of Way rules Aircraft taking off and landing have right of way over all other traffic, Aircraft landing have right of way over aircraft taking off, Aircraft established in the circuit have right of way over joining traffic, The good aviation practice considerations of avoiding overtaking or cutting in, and The application of the right of way rules while taxiing.
2. Airmanship Downwind checks(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)B - Brakes Brake pressure checked, park brake offU - Undercarriage Down and lockedM - Mixture Mixture richP - Pitch FixedF - Fuel Fuel on fullest tank, fuel pump on,pressure checked, Primer LockedH - Harnesses & Hatches Seatbelt secure and doorscanopy closedL - Lookout L - Lights 4. Human FactorsLanding cues Workload / PrioritiesAviate -> Navigate -> Communicate
AIR EXERCISE: Startup / Taxi(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)1. Pre-Flight 2. Start-Up Checks 3. Taxing Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- At Hangar - Taxing to the Apron- For a Runup.
Runup / Pre-Take-off(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)1. Runup ChecksCheck List in the Aircraft 2. Pre-Take-off Checks Aircraft Check List 3. Line-up Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Entering and back tracking runway (27/09)
1. Takeoff(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Pre-take off briefing Consider - Wind, what do in an emergency Rolling Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Rolling (27/09)- Remaining in the Circuit Line up ChecksReference Points / Direction Indicator (DI)WindKeep Straight
2. Climb Out(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) SEPARATION from other Traffic After takeoff checks Flaps - upFuel Pumps -off 450ft -Lookout Turn at 500ft AGL
3. Cross Wind Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Tracking (90° to the runway center line)Watch other traffic - joining downwind
4. Downwind Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Straight and Level at 1000ft Downwind Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Downwind (27/09) (Seal/Grass)- Touch and Go or Full Stop Landing Downwind Checks Consider - Spacing form other Aircraft
5. Before Turning Base(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) (Adjust depending on wind)Carb. Heat HotPower to 1700rpmWhite Arc - FlapAttitude for 65 ktsTurn on to base whenrunway approx 45°
6. Base Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Tracking (90° to the runway center line) 1. Speed 65kts - Attitude / Elevator 2. Rate Of Decent - Power / Flap
7.On Final(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)Turn not Below 500ft Full flap or as required Final Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- On final for (Seal/Grass) (27/09)- Touch and Go Remaining in the Circuit Carb Ht Cold / check Wind Sock.
8. Landing:(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) a)Power off a) Level Off transfer sight fromaim pt to look wellahead at ref. point b) Hold Off - Adjust back pressure to control sink rate - Land on main wheels- Gently lower nose wheel- Maintain centreline- Brakes as required
Key Points(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)key:Circuits IntroductionCONSIDERATIONS : Take offSlipstream/Torque,Wind,Power Full ,Flap ,Runway length / Surface / SlopeCONSIDERATIONS : LandingWind,Flap,Power Controls,Brakes,Runway length,Calculated length required for landing,Wind ShearCheck list:Pre-Flight,Start-Up Checks,Runup Checks,Pre-Take-off Checks,pre-take off briefing1. TakeoffReference Points / Direction Indicator (DI)Wind, Keep Straight2. Climb OutAfter takeoff checks Flaps - up, Fuel Pumps -off450ft -Lookout, Turn at 500ft AGL3. Cross Wind LegTracking (90° to the runway center line)Watch other traffic - joining downwind 4. Downwind LegStraight and Level at 1000ftDownwind Radio Call,Downwind Checks5. Before Turning Base(Adjust depending on wind)Carb. Heat Hot, Power to 1700rpmWhite Arc - Flap, Attitude for 65ktsTurn on to base when,runway approx 45°6. Base LegTracking (90° to the runway center line)1. Speed 65kts - Attitude / Elevator2. Rate Of Decent - Power / Flap7.On Final (Turn not Below 500ft)Full flap or as requiredCarb. Ht Cold / check Wind Sock.8. Landing:Power off - Level off - Hold Off

Glide approach Briefing

Learn to complete a landing without power from late downwind.

* * * Glide approach * * *

Objective(Briefing:Glide approach) To complete a landing without engine power from the late downwind and 500ft area. Review Previous Exercises.
CONSIDERATIONS:Lift/Drag Ratio(Briefing:Glide approach)Glide best(in No Wind) at Best Lift to Drag Ratio
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS(Briefing:Glide approach)Strong Headwind on Final:Lower nose to increase Airspeed & Ground Speed Wind Shear on Final:Lower nose to increase Airspeed Lift/Drag Ratio is Reduced by:1. FlapShouldn\'t have to do these if glide is done correctly2. S-Turn3. Sideslip (if permitted)4. Airspeed - increase (’push down’)
Airmanship etc.(Briefing:Glide approach)Airmanship- Aeroplane safety in doubt-go around- Not automatic right-of-way- No pax- Adjustments for slope Aeroplane Management- Carb heat HOT- No engine warms
HUMAN FACTORS:(Briefing:Glide approach)Vision - depth perception - Anticipate round outRunway as It Appears from Different Angles
AIR EXERCISE: Downwind(Briefing:Glide approach) Downwind- Nominate 1/3 aim point- Pick a 600ft point - Check spacing- Normal downwind checks Late Downwind- Carb heat hot- Reduce some power (2000 rpm)- Maintain height- Trim
AIR EXERCISE: Approach(Briefing:Glide approach)At 1000’ (AGL) Area- Throttle closed- Commence turn to base- Assess approach, aiming 1/3 in At about 600ft (AGL)able to reach 1/3 area easily without flap- Modify the touchdown point1. Flaps(Backup options)2. S-turn3. Sideslip (if permitted) After Landing or During Go-around- Consider options - Maximum braking- KEEP THE CABIN INTACT

Slow flight Briefing

Learn to maintain straight and level and turn at low airspeed in various configurations.

* * * Slow flight * * *

Objectives(Briefing:Slow flight)To slow the aeroplane and maintain Straight and Levelat low airspeed (1.2VS +20%) or Above the Stall Warning. To maintain Straight and Level at low airspeedin various configurations. To maintain a constant altitude whileturning at low airspeed. To return to normal operating airspeeds.
Principles of Flight(Briefing:Slow flight)Power + Attitude = Performance Lift = Angle of Attack x Airspeed As airspeed decreases angle of attack must increase to maintain levelWith a high nose attitude Thus a little extra power required
Principles of Flight 2(Briefing:Slow flight)Fly the aeroplane at a slow speed,but above the stall - next lesson Compared to Normal Straight and Level - less control effectiveness - larger inputs required - slipstream effects less - maintain balance - medium level turns need additional power
Airmanship(Briefing:Slow flight) - 20°/2 second scan - Aeroplane position in training area - Warning symptoms of approaching stall - HASELL checksH- Height Not less than 2500 feet above ground levelA- Airframe Configuration - clean or flapS- Security No loose articles, harnesses secureE- Engine Oil Temperatures and pressures normal, mixture rich, _fuel sufficient and on fullest tankL- LocalityNot over a populated area and clear of known traffic areas, including airfieldsL- Lookout One 180°, or two 90°, clearing turns to ensure other traffic will not result in conflict
Aeroplane Management / Human Factors(Briefing:Slow flight) Aeroplane Management - Smooth but positive throttle and control movements - Carb heat - Engine operating temperatures - Use of flap - power requirements Human Factors - High level of concentration - Unfamiliar high nose attitudes
Air Exercise(Briefing:Slow flight) Power + Attitude = Performance Slowing to S + L at Low Airspeed P- Power Carb Heat - reduce to decelerate A- Attitude increases as aeroplane slows - maintain level T- Trim to relieve back pressure - Attitude to maintain Speed (60kts) 55kts with Flaps - Adjust power to maintain height
Air Exercise. Maintaining S/L and Turning at Low Airspeed(Briefing:Slow flight)Maintaining Straight and LevelL- Lookout A- Attitude I- Instruments Turning - To maintain level Lift must Increase, Drag will Increase, More power required - Ailerons will need to be deflected more for the same roll rate.thus Adverse yaw more noticeable, control with rudder
Air Ex. Returning to Cruise(Briefing:Slow flight)Procedure...P- Power increase to full power, balance with rudderA- Attitudelower nose to level attitudeT- Trim to relieve pressure Reduce to cruise power, balance with rudder - Lookout - Attitude - Instruments Repeat Air Exercise with 20° flaps at 55kts.
Take Aways(Briefing:Slow flight) Slowing to S + L at Low Airspeed Maintaining S/L at Low Airspeed Turning at Low Airspeed Returning to Cruise Power + Attitude = Performance As airspeed decreases angle of attack must increase to maintain levelWith a high nose attitude Thus little extra power required Fly the aeroplane at a slow speed,but above the stall - next lesson - Less control effectiveness - larger inputs required - Slipstream effects less - maintain balance - Medium level turns need additional power

Medium turns Briefing

Learn to change direction at 30 degrees of bank, maintaining altitude and balance.

* * * Medium turns * * *

Objectives. (Briefing:Medium turns) To change direction through 360° at a constant rate - using 30° degrees angle of bank - while maintaining a constant altitude and keeping the aeroplane in balance. To complete a medium turn whileClimbing and Descending.
Principles of Flight(Briefing:Medium turns) Weight Lift - In order to turn, you need to create a force towards the centre of the turn Weight Lift Aircraft is in a ...Bank Angle 25Speed 85ktsStall (Level) 42ktsIn the Turn ... Stall 42 Kts 100%Loading 1 GRadius 1376 FtRate 6 '/Sec - Bank the aeroplaneHorizontal Component of Liftprovides the force - Vertical Component of Lift reduced Weight Lift CPF thus more Lift is required by↑ angle of attack slightlyto maintain heightand accept slight ↓ in speed
Adverse Yaw(Briefing:Medium turns) Increased Lift on up-going wing, also means ↑ Drag causing adverse Yaw (yaw away from turn) Apply Rudder in the direction of the turnto balance adverse yaw (only required when the ailerons are deflected) Only while rolling, an aircraft is affected by Adverse Yaw.
Overbanking(Briefing:Medium turns) - Outer wingtravels further/faster resulting in more Liftand a tendency for the aircraft toroll into the turn - May need to “Hold Off“ bankusing opposite ailerons
Climbing Turn(Briefing:Medium turns) Compromise between- Rate of Climb- Rate of Turnas both ↑ Drag. When climbing and turning, angle of bank must be reducedMaximum of 20°, use 15°
Supplementary Considerations.(Briefing:Medium turns)Airmanship- 20° per 2 second scan technique- Lookout and Listen-out- Situational Awareness (SA) - 360° turns, position, altitude, weather- VFR Minima, Visibility - 5km, clear of cloud (below 3000ft)Aeroplane Management- Smooth and positive throttle movements- Use of carb heatHuman Factors- 360° turns to minimise disorientation- Turning sensationIn I’M SAFE what is S?S - Stress
Air Exercise(Briefing:Medium turns)Adverse Yaw- Demonstration onlyNo RudderToo much RudderBad Timing RudderSweet Spot Left Turn Right Turn
Air Exercise - Medium Level Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)Reference Point and Reference Altitude Entry- From straight and level (S+L)- Lookout- Roll with aileron to 30° Angle of Bank- Balance Adverse Yaw with rudder- Back pressure to maintain required attitude In Turn- “Check“ the ailerons and maintain balanceL - Lookout - for TrafficA - Attitude - Both Pitch and RollI - Instruments - X/check Only- Angle of bank controlled with aileron- Altitude controlled with back pressureExit- Look for reference point- Anticipate roll-out by half the angle of bank- Roll wings level- Balance with rudder- Relax back pressure - to reset S+L attitude
Air Exercise - Climbing Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)- Establish in a climb - Lookout - Roll with aileron to 15° AoB - Balance with rudderIn a climb, normally there already is a little Right Rudder - reduce Attitude to maintain speed
Air Exercise - Descending Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)- Establish in glide - Lookout - Roll with aileron to 30° Angle of Bank - Balance with rudder - reduce Attitude to maintain speed
Take Aways(Briefing:Medium turns) Enter From S+L- Lookout- Rolling with aileron to 30° AoBBalance with rudder (Adverse Yaw)- Back pressure to Maintain attitudeIncrease slightly Maintaining L = Lookout - reference point + trafficA = Attitude - check correctI = Instruments - Balance, airspeed, altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s.Exit - Look for reference point- Anticipate rollout by half the angle of bank- Roll wings levelBalance with rudder- Relax back pressureReset S+L attitude- Check Power-Attitude-Trim To turn : Incline and Increase the lift.Consider : Adverse Yaw , OverbankClimbing Turn : Compromize, Rate of Climb and Rate of Turn

Climbing and descending Briefing

Learn to enter a climb/descent from straight and level, maintain the climb/descent and level off at a pre-selected altitude.

* * * Climbing and descending * * *

Objectives(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Climbing1. How to enter a climb from straight and level 2. To maintain a steady climb- Constant Airspeed, Power & Direction- Wings level and in balance3. To level off at specific altitude Descending1. Enter a descent from Straight and Level 2. Maintain a steady descent ...- Constant Airspeed, Power & Direction- Wings level and in balance3. To level off at a pre-selected altitude
Principles of Flight - Forces in a Climb(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight w2 - Weight RWC - Rear-Ward Component of WeightW1 - Weight supported by Lift Weight Lift w2 w1 Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 - Thrust = Drag + RWC Thrust supports some of the weight - Lift = W1 Lift is less than Weight Climbing in equilibrium (not a zoom climb)
Principles of Flight - Climb Performance(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 Rate of climb(climb performance)depends on excess power available which is Thrust - Drag Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 An Increase in DragDecrease Performance as with Increase weightUse of Flap Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 A Decrease in PowerDecrease Performance Higher Altitudes Carb Heat - On
Principles of Flight - Wind Effects(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Altitude Distance Compare Altitude and Distance Altitude Distance No Wind to No Wind Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Head WindDistance is reduced , Altitude is same Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Tail Wind Tail WindDistance is increased , Altitude is same Thus wind affects climb angle and distance (to the Ground) in climband not the rate of climb.
Principles of Flight - Types of Climbs(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Distance Altitude Best RateDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) eg. best Feet per Minute Best AngleDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) Best Angle (x) Concerned with obstacle clearance Cruise ClimbDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) Best Angle (x) Cruise Good for x/country flightbetter ...Engine coolingVisibility
Principles of Flight - Descent(Briefing:Climbing and descending)- Aeroplane is in Weight Lift Drag w2 w1 equilibrium when descending - Flying speed maintained bylowering nose attitude as Forward Component of weight (FCW)acts the same as Thrustto balance the Drag
Descent Performance(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 Power Controls rate of descent Lift/Drag ratio (Efficiency of wing)steepness of glide Weight Increase weight Increase FCW - Increase speed down slope(all the forces just scale up) Weight Lift Drag w2 w1 Flap Needs Increase FCW to balance Drag - Increase rate of descent
Descent Affect of Wind(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Wind Effects Altitude Distance descent angle and range (same as in the climb)Altitude Distance No Wind Compare to “No Wind“ ... Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Head WindReduce Distance, Steeper Angle Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Tail Wind Tail WindIncrease Distance, Shallower Angle
Descent Configurations(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Power + Attitude = Performance Glide Idle Power: Idle+ Attitude: Glide Attitude= Performance of Glide@ 65kts Powered Power: 1500rpm+ Attitude: Approach Attitude= Performance ofReduced Rate of Descent@ 65kts Cruise Power: Cruise Power(or reduced slightly)+ Attitude:Cruise Descent Attitude = Performance :Descent@ 100-110kts
Airmanship / Aeroplane Management / Human Factors(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Airmanship - Situational awareness - what was, is, and will be - VFR Met minima - Minimum and maximum heights - Lookout - restrictionsIn I’M SAFE what is M?M - Medication Aeroplane Management - Smooth throttle movements - Mixture rich - Oil Temperatures and pressures Human Factors - Trapped gases in ears - Diving - Noise
Air Exercise - Climbing - Entry(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P- Powermixt rich, full power (wings level, in balance) A- Attitude climb attitude T- Trim to maintain attitude Airspeed controlled with attitude
Air Exercise - Climbing - Maintaining(Briefing:Climbing and descending) L - Lookout - Blind spot under the nose!A - Attitude - Required Higher Ref. Point or ref. off to the left sideI - InstrumentsChange - check - hold - trim
Air Exercise - Climbing - Exit(Briefing:Climbing and descending) A- Attitude select and hold S+L attitude, adjust asspeed increases, balanceP- Power wait for aeroplane to accelerate, then setcruise power, balanceT- Trimto hold S+L attitude
Air Exercise - Enter Descent from straight & level(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P= Power- Carb Heat, Close Throttle- maintain Straight and Level until 70kts Set glide attitude A= Attitude- maintain descent Attitude T= Trim- to maintain attitude - Assess and retrim Scan: Lookout - Attitude - Instruments
Maintaining a Descent(Briefing:Climbing and descending) L = Lookout - reference point + traffic A = Attitude - check correct I = Instruments - balance, airspeed, altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s.
Exit a descent to straight & level(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P= Power100ft to go- Carb Cold, 50ft to go- ↑ 2300 RPM- Smoothly select S & LA= Attitude- maintain AttitudeT= Trim- to maintain attitude
Demo Descent (Briefing:Climbing and descending) - Effect of Power - Flaps effect on rate of Descent
Take Aways(Briefing:Climbing and descending)More excess power available the better the climb performanceEntry to a ClimbP - Power - FullA - Attitude - ClimbT - Trim Maintaining a ClimbL - LookoutA - Attitude - ClimbI - Instruments - X/check only Exiting a Climb to Straight and LevelA - Attitude - select and hold S+L attitudeP - Power - wait for aeroplane to acceleratethen set cruise powerT - Trim - to hold S+L attitude Enter Descent (Glide)P = Power - Carb Heat, Close throttlemaintain Straight and Level until 70ktsSet glide attitudeA = Attitude - maintain descent Attitude T = Trim- to maintain attitude Maintaining a DescentL = Lookout - reference point + trafficA = Attitude - check correctI = Instruments - Balance, airspeed,altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s. Exit a descent to straight & levelP = Power - Carb Cold, to 2300 RPMA = Attitude - Smoothly select S & L T = Trim - to maintain attitude

Effects of Controls Briefing

Learn the effects of primary and ancillary controls on the aircraft.

* * * effects of controls * * *

Introduction(Briefing:Effects of controls)* * * Effects of Controls * * *This lesson is all about ... Introducing situational awarenessWhich is:What was,What is, andWhat will happen next “It is easy to fly precisely if you know whats going to happen next“ * * * Anticipation * * *
Objectives(Briefing:Effects of controls) To provide you with an understanding of how each primaryflying control affects the aircraft in flight ElevatorAileronsRudder and the effects of ancillary controls Use of the ThrottleHow to Trim the aircraftCorrect use of Flaps Operating the Carburettor Heatand Mixture control
3 Axes of Rotation (Briefing:Effects of controls)1. Pitches around the “Lateral Axis“ 2. Rolls around the “Longitudinal Axis“ 3. Yaws around the “Normal/Vertical Axis“ 3D world: In a turn, all Axes are in motion at the same time
1. Pitching(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Pitch the Aircraft ... Up- pull gently backward on the Control Column Down- Push gently forward on the Control Columnkeeping your eyes outside. Further effect of pitching is...Airspeed ChangeUp - aircraft will slow downDown - aircraft will speed up
2. Rolling(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Roll the Aircraft ...Gently turn the Control Columnin the direction you need to roll the aircraft.keeping your eyes outside. Further effect of rolling ...Slipsthen Yaws
3. Yawing(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Yaw the Aircraft ...Gently apply pressure onthe rudder pedalin the direction you wantto yaw the aircraft.keeping your eyes outside. Further effect of yawing ... Skidsthen Rolls
Effect of Airspeed(Briefing:Effects of controls) High Speed controls are ... Firm and effective (Straight and Level) Low Speed controls are ... Sloppy and less effective (Approach and Landing)
Slipstream(Briefing:Effects of controls) Increase PowerYaw to Left and Pitch up- then Roll left Reduce PowerYaw to Right and Pitch Down - then Roll right
Flaps(Briefing:Effects of controls) Flaps help us ...- Fly slower safer- Better forward visibility Lowering Flap - Pitching tendency- decrease in air speed Before lowering Flaps ..Check Flap Range (White Arc) Raising flaps will cause the aircraft tosink due to reduction of lift.
How to trim an aircraft(Briefing:Effects of controls) Trim only in steady flight(Not in transient eg. turns)Retrim when you change Attitude, Speed,Power, Flap setting or Weight. If you are holding Elevator pressure ...... backward pressure is relievedby winding the trim back/Down... forward pressure is relievedby winding the trim forward/Up
Airmanship(Briefing:Effects of controls) “I have control / you have control““follow me through“See and be seenClock code, + high or low.Land features
Airmanship - I’m Safe(Briefing:Effects of controls) IM SAFE I- Illness(Free of symptoms) M- Medication(Aviation approved meds only) S- Stress(Managing stress well) A- Alcohol or Drugs(Just NO) F- Fatigue(Good sleep management) E- Eating(Balanced diet) * * Your Personal Pre-flight * *
Aeroplane Management(Briefing:Effects of controls) Engine controls- throttle- mixture- carb heat Oil Temperatures and Pressures Flap speed - white arc Pre-flight inspection
Human Factors(Briefing:Effects of controls) Limitations on lookoutLimitations of memoryMore comfortable with practice/workloadUncoordinated lesson by nature
1. Air Ex - Attitude(Briefing:Effects of controls) Horizon is main reference Attitude flying by referencing nose and wings to the horizon
2. Air Ex - Effect of Primary Controls(Briefing:Effects of controls) ElevatorControl Column - PitchAilerons Control Column- Roll-> Slip then YawRudderRudder pedals- Yaw-> Skid then rolls Coordinated use of controls =a smooth flight
3. Air Ex - Effect of Airspeed(Briefing:Effects of controls) Low Airspeed - Controls light (Sloppy) and less effective - Large movements required High Airspeed - - Controls firm and effective - Smaller movements required
4. Observe training area boundaries(Briefing:Effects of controls)
5. Slipstream(Briefing:Effects of controls) High Power Elevator and Rudder more effectiveLow Power Elevator and Rudder less effective
6. Air Ex - Power(Briefing:Effects of controls)Increase PowerNose pitches up Yaws to the left Decrease powerNose pitches down Yaws to the right Stop all
7. Air Ex - Flaps(Briefing:Effects of controls) 1. Before lowering Flaps - Check Airspeed 2. Pitch Nose Down - Maintain Airspeed3. Trim. (Warning: Rise your flaps in stages) Will Demo! 10 Flaps 20 Flaps 30 Flaps
8. Elevator Trim(Briefing:Effects of controls) Holding ForwardTrim forward Holding BackTrim Back Rudder and aileron trim (if applicable)
9. Cabin heater, de-mister and fresh air vents(Briefing:Effects of controls)
Take Aways(Briefing:Effects of controls) 1. Pitch with the ElevatorEffects : Attitude / Speed 2. Roll with the AileronsFurther effect isSlip then a Yaw 3. Yaw with the RudderFurther effect isSkid then a Roll Low Airspeed - Controls light (Sloppy) and less effective High Airspeed - - Controls firm and effective Increase PowerNose pitches upYaws to the LeftDecrease powerNose pitches downYaws to the Right FlapsFly slower saferBetter forward visibilityElevator TrimAlways fly in trim