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Notion Notes – Human Factors

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Notes

Aerobatics Briefing

Learn to fly the aircraft to its limits in the three planes.

* * * Aerobatics * * *

AEROBATICS.(Briefing:Aerobatics)AIM:To learn how to fly accuratey to the limits of the aircraft in the three planes.
CONSIDERATIONS 1 of 2(Briefing:Aerobatics) LOADING -Varying degrees inposed.Depends on attitude, I.A.S. and change of direction Structural limitations must be observed.
CONSIDERATIONS 2 of 3(Briefing:Aerobatics) INERTIA -inpose high may change AIRSPEED & POWER -Changes of both will change - control effectiven Prop driven - requirement for continual change for balance.
CONSIDERATIONS 3 of 3(Briefing:Aerobatics) AILERON DRAG -Is only while Rolling and greater at low speed ENGINEC.S.U. maintains RPM.Fixed pitch easy to overspeed.Inverted flight may cause engine - to cut Close throttle
AIRMANSHIP / ENGINE HANDLING(Briefing:Aerobatics) AIRMANSHIP Good look-out ( below ).H.A.S.E.L.L checks.Use of VA to avoid high loads. Recovery by 3,000 feet ( Regs ). No pax unless approved ( Regs ) ENGINE HANDLING:Smooth use of power.Avoid Overspeeding,- 2750RPMCheck temps and press.
AirEx(Briefing:Aerobatics)Climb to 3500\' QNH.Good look-out ( below ).H.A.S.E.L.L checks
LOOP -(Briefing:Aerobatics)1. Trim for level flite.2. Select reference point of line feature.3. Dive for required speed ( P.O.H. ).4. Ease back on stick - gently - moderate load.5. Speed decreasing - stick further back - positive load.6. Inverted - stick well back - check wings level - horizon7. Nose drops - stick forward - speed increases.8. Recover to climb attitude - conserve height.Control RPM with throttle.
BARRELL ROLL -(Briefing:Aerobatics)1. Trim for level flight.2. Check reference point.3. Dive for required - I.A.S. - 8 o\'clock, - 4 o\'clock left.4. Raise nose 45° above horizon - commence roll.5. Back pressure maintains positive load - circle point.6. Check back pressure when inverted.7. Recover to level flite.RPM constant if done correctly.••
STALL TURN -(Briefing:Aerobatics)1. Select line feature. .2. Dive for required I.A.S..3. Raise nose to near vertical.4. Check wings at horizon.5. Check forward to maintain Position. ■6. At min speed - apply rudder in required direction - prevent - ailerons.7. As nose cuts horizon close throttle.8. Centralize rudder on recip heading.9. Ease out of dive and climb.
Last word(Briefing:Aerobatics) Sometimes things do not go well, doing Aerobatics So, if nothing else .... Remember this !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! if you are not in a spin? always roll first to the nearest horizon only once wings are level - recover from the dive. Let\'s go and have fun ....................

Night flying Briefing

Learn to operate the aircraft safely at night both on the ground and in the air.

* * * Night flying * * *

OBJECTIVE:(Briefing:Night flying)To operate the aircraft safely both on the ground and in the air at night.
CONSIDERATIONS:(Briefing:Night flying) 1. Considerations* Night is between ECT and MCT* Legal: Aerodrome /aircraft lighting and minima (controlled /uncontrolled)
Prerequisites(Briefing:Night flying)* 2 hours IF* PPL 2 hrs dual, 2 hrs solo, 5 total* CPL 4 hrs dual, 5 hrs solo, 10 total + 10 takeoffs/landings * Currency - To exercise night privileges on your license you must have 3 takeoffs/landings by night in the past 30 days
Night Vision(Briefing:Night flying)* Rods and Cones* Cones colour* Rods peripheral vision and movement* Used for night vision
Dark Adaptation(Briefing:Night flying)* 30 minutes* Avoid bright lights
Illusions(Briefing:Night flying)* Lookout* Speed perception* Lack of horizon* IF illusions* Flicker vertigo* Auto-kinesis* Star light confusion* Black hole
Equipment(Briefing:Night flying)* Torch, and spare batteries* High Viz* All lights operational* Personal equipment torch, pen, mobilephone, watch, warm clothing, survival kit,possibly spare VHF or GPS
Familiarity with Aeroplane(Briefing:Night flying)* Know location of controls and switchesFamiliarity with Aerodrome* Vol 4 Operational Data* Aerodrome lighting* ATC light signals* Approach lighting
Weather(Briefing:Night flying)* Different Met Minima by nightUncontrolled 1500ft cloud base/8km visControlled 1500ft cloud base/5km vis* Inadvertent IMC* Diurnal wind effect* Overcast Vs clear sky* Temp and dew point
Emergencies(Briefing:Night flying)* Radio failure* Runway lighting failure* Landing or Nav light failure* Internal light failure* Electrical failure* Engine failure
2. Airmanship(Briefing:Night flying)* Preflight in the light* Use of aeroplanes lights* Number of other aircraft in the circuit* Illusions* Minimum Safe Altitude
3. Aeroplane Management(Briefing:Night flying)* More frequent SADIE checks* Dew and frost* Cockpit layout* Trust instruments
4. Human Factors(Briefing:Night flying)* Instrument flying illusions* Night vision factors adaptation, health, oxygen, colourperception, depth perception, focus, focal length, blackhole, lights and stars
5. Air Exercise(Briefing:Night flying)On the Ground* Taxi slowly* Notice runway light in peripheral vision* Aircraft on approach* Transfer to instruments as soon as airborne* When established in climb, can use visual reference
In the Circuit(Briefing:Night flying)* Famil circuit* Local landmarks and townships* Downwind spacing
Approach and Landing(Briefing:Night flying)* Approach perspective with runway edge lights* Don\'t look in to the area lit by landing light* Speed when vacating

Limited panel Briefing

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* * * Limited panel * * *

OBJECTIVES:(Briefing:Limited panel)1. To experience sensory illusions as a result of being deprived of visual references. 2. To maintain straight and level flight by sole referenceto the aircraft instruments.xx
CONSIDERATIONS:(Briefing:Limited panel)Power + Attitude = Performance PowerRPM AttitudeAttitude Indicator PerformanceASI,ALT,DI,TC,VSI The Basic T
AIRCRAFT MANAGEMENT:(Briefing:Limited panel) Safety Pilot - Min PPL- Type ratedBriefing - Calls:- \"Clear Left or Right\"\"- \"I have control\" (if evasive action required) Vacuum system Pitot/Static system Set AI bar Taxi & SADIE checks
HUMAN FACTORS:(Briefing:Limited panel)Vestibular - Sensory organs in the inner ear detect angularacceleration linear acceleration, head tilt. Muscular - Nerve receptor system Skin pressure,muscle, limb position). Visual - Horizon and familiar ref pointsmust be replaced with instruments. Orientation conflicts may occur Trust Instruments!!Stress - Performance vs Arousal
AIR EXERCISE:(Briefing:Limited panel)AI - Master Instrument 1) Appreciate the unreliability ofvestibular and muscular senseswithout visual reference. 2) Selective Radial Scan (SRS).Entering S&L - Select attitude (approximately) and power. Don\'t fixate on an instrument- Keep scan going All turns are Rate One Trust Your Instruments When making changesChangeCheckHoldAdjustTrim

Instrument flying introduction Briefing

Learn to maintain straight and level by sole reference to the instruments.

* * * Instrument flying introduction * * *

OBJECTIVES:(Briefing:Instrument flying introduction)1. To experience sensory illusions as a result of being deprived of visual references. 2. To maintain straight and level flight by sole referenceto the aircraft instruments.xx
CONSIDERATIONS:(Briefing:Instrument flying introduction)Power + Attitude = Performance PowerRPM AttitudeAttitude Indicator PerformanceASI,ALT,DI,TC,VSI The Basic T
AIRCRAFT MANAGEMENT:(Briefing:Instrument flying introduction) Safety Pilot - Min PPL- Type ratedBriefing - Calls:- \"Clear Left or Right\"\"- \"I have control\" (if evasive action required) Vacuum system Pitot/Static system Set AI bar Taxi & SADIE checks
HUMAN FACTORS:(Briefing:Instrument flying introduction)Vestibular - Sensory organs in the inner ear detect angularacceleration linear acceleration, head tilt. Muscular - Nerve receptor system Skin pressure,muscle, limb position). Visual - Horizon and familiar ref pointsmust be replaced with instruments. Orientation conflicts may occur Trust Instruments!!Stress - Performance vs Arousal
AIR EXERCISE:(Briefing:Instrument flying introduction)AI - Master Instrument 1) Appreciate the unreliability ofvestibular and muscular senseswithout visual reference. 2) Selective Radial Scan (SRS).Entering S&L - Select attitude (approximately) and power. Don\'t fixate on an instrument- Keep scan going All turns are Rate One Trust Your Instruments When making changesChangeCheckHoldAdjustTrim

Compass use Briefing

Learn to turn onto and maintain a compass heading while compensating for known errors.

* * * Compass use * * *

COMPASS TURNS(Briefing:Compass use) To turn accurately onto and maintain compass headings, compensating for known errors in the aircraft\'s magnetic compass.
CONSIDERATIONS: Variation / Deviation(Briefing:Compass use)1) Variation:- Difference betweenTrue North and Magnetic North 2) Deviation:Difference betweenMagnetic Heading and Compass HeadingDue to ...- Aircraft magnet acted upon by things othermetal objects in the aircraft, etc- Compensated for by a compass swingdone by an engineer
CONSIDERATIONS: Dip(Briefing:Compass use)3) Dip: - At magnetic equator flux linesare parallel with surface - As they approach the poles they dip down towards the earth\'s surface - A bar magnet tries to align with the lines of flux dip towards the earth\'s surface - To compensate, the bar magnet is set on a pivot,but some residual dip remains - The pivot arrangement is fairly unstable, so compasscard and magnets are immersed in fluid that
Acceleration and Turning Errors(Briefing:Compass use)4) Acceleration Errors:Maximum on 090 and 270 - Nil on 000 and 180 (dip only)SAND = South - Accelerating, North - Decelerating 5) Turning Errors:Maximum on 000 and 180 - Nil on 090 and 270ONUS = Overturn North and Underturn South To correct for turning error, turns must beRate One - Balanced - Level - Without pitch changes.Angle of bank required for Rate One = TAS / 10 +
AIRCRAFT MANAGEMENT:(Briefing:Compass use)Check Compass for:deviation card, fluid leaksbubbles, discolourationmetal or electrical objects TaxiCheck & Rwy Hdg Turn Coordinator - (flag)Vacuum System (4.5 - 5.2\"Hg)
HUMAN FACTORS:(Briefing:Compass use) DisorientationSituational awarenessInformation ProcessingRemove unreliable informationStress Practice & procedure Beware degradation of Lookout
AIR EXERCISE:(Briefing:Compass use)1) Demo Acceleration Errors - maintain reference point2) Demo Turning Errors3) Corrections for turns onto compass Hdgs(Left/Right) Prior to turns - 4 Questions1. Turn which way Left or Right?2. Overturn or Underturn?3. By how much?4. What is the roll out hdg? Exit Roll out smoothly at pre-selected hdg.Ref point on horizonLet compass settle (liquid swirl)In level balanced flight Read the compassTo Adjust HeadingTurn which way?When to roll out? (Rate 1 = 3 degrees/second or select new reference pt.)Maintain balanced level flight on reference point. . . . . . .