22.2.12 Describe the trigonometry functions for the sine, cosine and tangent of an angle

We need to have an understanding of trigonometry so we can understand the basics of navigation. Solving crosswinds headwinds etc

Every right triangle has one 90-degree angle (like the corner of a square or rectangle), and two angles that each range between anything larger than 0 degrees and smaller than 90 degrees and the sum of all 3 angles being 180 degrees. 

The longest side of a triangle is known as its “hypotenuse.” The side opposite the angle we’re looking at is known as the “opposite” side. And the side adjacent to the angle we’re looking at (the one that isn’t the hypotenuse) is known as the “adjacent” side.

22.2.10 Describe motion on a curved path; and
(a) differentiate between centripetal force and centrifugal reaction;
(b) explain the factors affecting centripetal force and rate of turn.

 This is an important principle when discussing turning of an aircraft. We need to understand the forces involved to understand why the aircraft is turning.

Centripetal force: Force an object feels on a circular motion

force pulling object towards the centre of the circle 

Centrifugal reaction: Reaction opposing centripetal force, acting away from the centre of the circle 

reaction (not a force)

fugal = away 

CPF=m x v² / r 

CPF=mass x velocity²/ radius 

CPF= Wv²/g ‘r’

So, we can see that the strength of our centripetal force, depends on the mass of our object (heavier it is the more force is required to keep it on our curved flight path) the velocity (faster it’s flying the harder it is to keep on our curved flight path) and the radius of the circle (a tighter circle / shorter distance will require more force to keep it on the flight path)

22.2.8 Describe Newton’s three laws of motion; and
(a) explain inertia;
(b) differentiate between mass and weight;
(c) state the value of the acceleration caused by the earth’s gravity; and
(d) define momentum.

Newtons laws great and easy way to understanding what is going when you fly your aircraft. so by knowing and applying these law / principles your confidence handling (flying) will be greatly improved.

Newton’s first law of motion

Is Inertia , which all all about an object (your aircraft) and the amount of mass in the object.

1 law of motion States :

“An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force”

This means if an object (aircraft) is stationary it will remain stationary or If it’s moving in a straight line it will continue to do so until an external force acts upon it. This is known as inertia.

Newton’s second law of motion

In short is  Force = Mass X Acceleration  or ( f = m x a )

Force = kg meters second second.

Mass = kg

Acceleration = Metres  Second Second

– The force we apply to our object (aircraft) depends on the mass, and the acceleration applied. If we apply thrust with our engine it will accelerate a mass of air toward the rear of the aircraft.

2 law of motion States :

“The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”

Aircraft Engine creates a force, by accelerating and Air ( the air has mass)

this force is know an action.

Newton’s third law of motion

as a force is 

Formally states:  that every action, has an equal and opposite reaction. 

This means that the force we created above pushing air behind the aircraft has an equal and opposite reaction which will mean the aircraft is propelled forwards.

Inertia: The property of matter by which it retains its state of rest or its velocity along a straight line so long as it is not acted upon by an external force.

Mass: The amount of matter in a particle or object (kg)

Weight: The force that gravity exerts upon a body, equal to the mass of the body times gravity

Gravity: Gravity will accelerate an object at a rate of 9.8m/s² down toward the center of the Earth 

Momentum: Motion of a body or object, equal to the product of the mass of times velocity

22.2.6
Define speed, velocity and acceleration.

Speed:  is a scalar quantity 

Velocity: has both direction and a speed 

Acceleration: is a condition when velocity is changing. 

22.2.4 Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities; and
(a) explain and or apply vector addition and subtraction;
(b) demonstrate understanding and ability to resolve vector diagrams or problems.

Different between…

Scalar : is just a magnitude, “Speed”  or Distance etc.

Vector : (Velocity) Has both a “Direction” and “Speed”. 

(a) an examples of doing additions (+) with vectors

With a simple Scalar examples….

These examples here is a Aircraft  Air Speed (black line) and the wind speed (blue line) equals the  Aircraft Ground Speed(red line)

Adding vector quantities.

This examples here is a Aircraft ‘s Heading and Air Speed (black line).  

The wind’s Direction and Speed (blue line),

 equals the  Aircraft’s Track across the ground and Ground Speed(red line)

To resolve vector each vector needs to be  head to tail  and in scale

Vector Diagram showing the wind Triangle.

(b) resolving vector diagrams.

Resultant Force , resolved into “Lift” and “Drag”

 We often use these vectors to explain modes of flight

 straight and level, turning, navigation, etc

Thus an easy way for us to explain and resolve forces (draw up and see what actually going on),

Sweep-back:

Sweep-Back helps with lateral stability,

Sweep-Back and lateral movement causes a different change in aspect ratio of each wing,

that create the correcting roll to slow/stop the lateral movement

Sweepback refers to the angle at which an aircraft’s wing is set back from a right angle to the body. Sweepback helps the aircraft gain lateral stability, therefore righting it if it is disturbed in roll. 

In the diagram, you can see that when an aircraft rolls and slips, the relative airflow doesn’t meet the aircraft directly head on. This means, the effective span, and therefore the aspect ratio of each wing is different. 

Aspect ratio = span / mean chord line

This means, the lower wing has a higher aspect ratio, and therefore produces more lift, this in turn raises the lower wing back to straight and level. 

22.2.2

Why do we need to have an understanding of aeroscience:

To achieve a constant and clear understanding of aviation science and flight measurement, it is important to be familiar with accepted aviation units of measurements.

Units of measurement. State;

(a) the International System (SI) units for length, mass, time and temperature (°K and °C);

Length: metre (m)

Mass: kilogram (kg)

Time: seconds (s)

Temperature: degrees Celsius (°C) / Kelvin (°K)  (0°C = 273°K)

(b) the derivation of the SI units for force, pressure, power, and the non-SI units;

Force: newton (N)

Pressure: pascal (Pa)

Power: watt (W)

(c) Altitude, navigation distance and speed;  /??/  (c) foot, nautical mile, knot and horsepower.

Altitude: feet (ft)

Navigation distance: nautical miles (nm)

Speed: Knots (kt)

These units of measurement are used throughout our study of Principles of Flight

.

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CPF=m x v² / r 

CPF=mass x velocity²/ radius 

CPF= Wv²/g ‘r’

So, we can see that the strength of our centripetal force, depends on the mass of our object (heavier it is the more force is required to keep it on our curved flight path) the velocity (faster it’s flying the harder it is to keep on our curved flight path) and the radius of the circle (a tighter circle / shorter distance will require more force to keep it on the flight path)

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