4.70.6 Describe QNH zones and state when zone QNH should be used. AIP ENR

NZ is divided into 12 QNH zones which have vertical limits from the surface to 13,000 ft.  The area QNH for the zone can be obtained from ATC, Flight Service or Flight Information.

 When flying outside control zones and clear of an aerodrome, the altimeter is to be set to the area QNH for the zone you are flying in

 When in airspace Class C and D the altimeter shall be set to the QNH advised by ATC.

  

  

4.70.4 State the procedure to use to obtain an altimeter setting when QNH is not available prior to takeoff and the requirement to obtain a QNH once in flight. AIP ENR

When departing from an aerodrome where no QNH setting is available,  you must set aerodrome elevation on the altimeter, prior to departure and obtain the appropriate altimeter setting from an ATS unit as soon as possible 

  

  

4.70.2 Explain the altimeter setting requirements for flight under VFR. CAR 91 & AIP ENR [vfr_Rule p1=”91.239″]

Regional or area QNH is set when flying by reference to altitude above mean sea level below the transition level

 Standard pressure is set when flying under VFR by reference to flight levels above the transition altitude

  

  

4.63.10 Describe the situations where the normal separation may be reduced. AIP ENR

  Loss of separation can occur in the following scenarios;

• If a pilot enters notified airspace without a clearance
• Inadvertently by pilot workload
• Pilot inattention with the aircraft deviating from track
  
• Manoeuvering to avoid visually perceived loss of separation from another aircraft
  
•  When avoiding  severe weather in IFR or attempting to remain in VMC in VFR, 
• When an ATC instruction is not received or understood
  
• If a pilot receives a TCAS RA but fails to follow through accurately
  
• Aircraft performance eg rate of climb
  
• Breakdown of air-ground communications
•  A potential danger situation not detected early enough by ATC 
  

•  If a controller issues a clearance that creates a conflict with a neighbouring aircraft due to blind spot effect 

  

 

  

  

  

4.63.8 Describe the normal separation standards applied by ATC. AIP ENR

 The three methods through which aircraft can be separated are visual, horizontal and vertical separation.

Normal separation standard applied by ATC requires vertical separation below FL 290 to be at least 1000 ft apart

Horizontal separation can be achieved by distance or time limits between aircraft, using different tracks or placing in different geographical areas or using radar] separation

Vertical separation in controlled airspace between an IFR aircraft and a VFR aircraft which are both small and below 4500 ft is 500 ft apart

  The minimum horizontal distance between aircraft at similar levels when radar separation is provided is 5 NM

  

4.63.6 Describe the situations where the pilot-in-command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic. AIP ENR

The Pilot in Command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic;

• when pilots are in direct communication with ATC unit on same frequency, and both flights remain in VMC and both pilots concur with the procedure.
• when under IFR outside controlled airspace,
• when operating flights during the day-time,
•  when a radar controlled service is not available,
• when following a specific request made by a pilot

  

  

  

  

  

4.63.4 Describe the situations where Air Traffic Control is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR traffic. AIP ENR

ATC is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR flight and between IFR flights in classes A,C and D airspace 

Separation is not provided by ATC during daylight hours in Class D airspace where flights have to be cleared to climb or descend subject to maintaining their own separation in VMC.

ATC is responsible for the provision of separation between IFR and VFR flights in class C airspace.

 

  

  

4.63.2 Describe the method of passing traffic information using the Clock Code.

 The Clock Code is where the specific direction from one aircraft to another aircraft is expressed using the 12 hour clock

Each 5 minutes of the hour represents a 30 degree angle.

An aircraft on your right wingtip is said to be at 3 o’clock from the nose of the aircraft

Example: If there is an aircraft at 10 o’ clock position it is at 60 degrees to the left of the nose of the aircraft.

  

 

  

4.62.8 State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to re-entering controlled airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR

[vfr_Rule p1=”91.245″]     [vfr_Rule p1=”91.247″]

AIP 1.1  8.  Section one describes clearances in detail

Section 5 – clearance limits

eg if flying from controlled airspace and then into uncontrolled airspace, but need to enter another controlled airspace to complete the journey, you need clearance to re-enter controlled airspace

, 

4.62.6 State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to entering various types of airspace, and ground manoeuvring area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR  1.1  8.1.2

8.1.2 Clearances (and compliance with them) are required by:
 (a) all aircraft, helicopters, vehicles, equipment and pedestrians to
operate on the manoeuvring area at a controlled aerodrome when
ATC is in attendance;
 (b) IFR flights in Class C or D airspace; and
 (c) VFR flights in Class C or D airspace.

Rule 91.245  [vfr_Rule p1=”91.245″]  and Rule 91.247  [vfr_Rule p1=”91.247″] prescribe that airspace in which an ATC
clearance is required