Define arousal.

Arousal refers to the level of mental activity. It involves receiving information from body sensors

Describe a simple model of stress.

It can be seen on the following graphs, that some stress is good. This enhances the pilots concentration and overall performance. Too much stress will create anxiety and reduce pilot performance whereas too little stress and the pilot is bored and has reduced interest and attention. 

Define stress.

Stress is an excess of environmental demands over an individuals capacity to meet them

Acute stress is immediate and disappears after a short time

Chronic stress is longer lasting and resulting in fatigue

Describe methods of eliminating carbon monoxide from the cockpit.

If CO is suspected in the cockpit / cabin, open windows / vents and close the cabin heater

Describe reliable methods for the detection of carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide meter’s or special testing kits are the only way to pick up CO before it is too late

CO has no smell and no colour making it extremely difficult to detect 

State the source of carbon monoxide poisoning in general aviation aircraft.

Carbon monoxide is one of the gasses emitted from the piston engine, produced from incomplete combustion

Can also be emitted from a faulty cabin heater

10.36.2. Describe the symptoms, effects and immediate treatments for the following hazards present in the aviation environment: 

Carbon monoxide 

Symptoms

• Headache
• Nausea
• Shortness of breath
• Cherry purple lips and fingernails

Effects
Carbon monoxide molecule binds with haemoglobin preventing carriage of oxygen to the tissues
Thus causes hypoxia

Treatment
Removal of the source of the gas and get immediate medical attention 

Fuel

Lubricating oils

Hydraulic fluids

Harmful to the skin
Can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Treatment would be to remove the substance from the skin exposure and get medical help urgently 

State the recommended time period between the donation of blood and flying.

24 hours is the minimum time from donation blood and flying, provided only 1 unit of blood is donated 

If more blood or if the pilot is not feeling well after donation, more time must be given between donation and flying. 

Describe the effect on the body of donating blood.

Loss of circulatory blood volume resulting in potentially low blood pressure which can cause fainting and low hemoglobin

May reduce tolerance to hypoxia and G forces and energy levels generally

Explain why illegal/recreational drugs are unacceptable for pilots.

They can affect mood and behaviour and mental functioning

They can cause permanent brain damage

The effects last long after the drug has left the body