12.60.8(b) . maximum-range speed;
Maximum range is achieved in level flight where the greatest distance is covered for the least amount of fuel
The maximum range is the TAS at which the line drawn from the origin of the graph is tangential to the bottom of the power curve
12.60.8(a) . maximum and minimum level flight speed;
Maximum level flight speed
– where power available and power required lines cross at higher TAS true airspeed
Minimum level flight speed
– this is where the power availbale and power required lines cross at the lower TAS – where
12.60.8. Given a basic graph of power available (PA) and power required (PR) versus TASin level flight, show the derivation of:
12.60.6. Describe the pitching moments in flight, and how longitudinal stability isachieved.
12.60.4. For level flight describe how the four main forces change as IAS is varied.
12.60.2. Define the four main forces acting in flight.
– aircraft maintains a constant altitude, air speed and heading
– the forces actring on the aircraft have to be in equilibrium
– lift must counterbalance weight
– thrust must be equal and opposite to drag
As airspeed increases the drag will also increase and when this equals thrust a new state of equilibrium will be attained
At slower airspeeds as the power is reduced and while the aircraft is slowing down the nose attitude must be raised.
Decreasing speed reduces drag
12.58. Basic Flying Controls
12.58.26. Describe the principle of operation of wing flaps.
A small amount of flap is often used for take-off
– increases lifting ability of the wing
– little cost in additional drag
A larger amount of flap is used on approach and during landing
– lowered stalling speed and additional drag
– allows a slower airspeed and steeper fllightpath
Lower ing flaps in a low-wing aircraft can cause a nose down pitch
Lowering flaps in a high-wing aircraft can cause a nose-up pitch
12.58.24. Explain the purpose of wing flaps.
The wing flaps extend in unison to chnage the effectivce camber of the wing so its lifting capacity is improved at all angles of attack
The same lift can be achieved at a lower airspeed
12.58.22. Describe the principle of operation of anti-balance tabs.