6.2.4(c) Define and identify on a diagram of the Earth
the Equator;
The Equator is an imaginary line around the middle of the Earth. It is halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole, at 0 degrees latitude. The equator divides the planet into a Northern Hemisphere and a Southern Hemisphere. The Earth is widest at its Equator.
State the factors influencing GPS/GNSS reliability.
* Multi-Path Error – due to satellite signals bouncing off the Earth’s surface resulting in signals arriving at the GPS receiver from different directions and different times
*Ionosphere Propagation Effect – results from charged particles in the ionosphere interfering with the propagation speed, and thus the travel time of satellite signals
*Tropospheric Propagation Effect – results from water vapour in the tropopause slowing down the satellite signals which cause ranging errors – minimised by compensation modelling in the GPS receiver
*Receiver Error – due to the difficulty of the receiver in precisely matching the internal pseudo-random code with that of the satellites
*Interference – interference from many sources can degrade the accuracy of the equipment. Can be due to insufficient shielding from VHF transmitters, RADAR, TV, and FM stations in the vicinity of the GPS receiver. If interference is experienced or there is a loss of RAIM – report details to appropriate ATS unit
*Battery – life limitations where unit is hand-held
Describe and apply techniques for:
a) position fixing;
b) changing heading to make good the desired track;
c) changing heading to make good next turning point or destination;
d) amending ETA.
Position fixing
To accurately work out our position, we must get a position fix using 2 or more reference features. With the reference feature a known location, we work out our position relative to the feature or location. With a bearing and a distance from the feature, we can get an idea of our position, the more features we reference from the more accurate the fix will be.
Changing heading
To change heading to make good the desired track, we must fly the track with any drift corrections. This means the nose of the aircraft may not be pointing directly down the track, but the wind will be holding us on the desired track.
To change heading to make good the next turning point, we must use the 1 – in – 60 rule.
Amending ETA
To amend the ETA, first we must determine what time we will arrive at the position or destination. Once we have determined an accurate ETA with a ground speed using the wind we are experiencing at the specific height, we can update our flight log and then update ATC.
A good way to remember how to multiply is to have a pet calculation. By setting up the pet calculation, all you have to do is change the numbers for the particular problem you are working.
Example 1.
Lets look at the 5 times table eg 5 x 2 = ?? and 5 x 3 = ??
Setup
1. Find the 5 or 50 on the outside scale 2. On the inside line up the 1 or 10
Read off
( 5 x 2 = ?? )
3. now look around on the inside for 2 and 4. read the answer on the the outside 10.
Read off
( 5 x 3 = ?? )
5. now look around on the inside for 3 and 6. read the answer on the the outside of 15
also you could easily read off x4, x5 etc.
Setup
And without changing any thing you can also read off
Read off
( 5 x 14 = ?? )
3. now look around on the inside for 14 and 4. read the answer on the the outside 70.
Read off
( 5 x 16 = ?? )
5. now look around on the inside for 16 and 6. read the answer on the the outside 18.
6.26.6. Interpret information from Aerodrome Charts and Operational Data pages in the AIPNZ Volume 4.
The AIP VOL4 contains information on aerodromes and procedures, as well as much more. Each airport in NZ has a page in the VOL4 with all the information you would need to visit there and fly the local procedures.
