Estimate: a) a Heading change, using the 1:60 rule ( 2); b) a Heading change, using drift lines ( 2); c) a Heading to make good a reciprocal track; d) a Ground Speed change; e) an ETA change, using proportional method.
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Derive Time, Speed, or Distance, given two factors Explain: Speed Time Distance Overview.
These 3 items are interchangeable eg.
If Speed and Time is known, the Distance can be calculated.
With Distance travelled in a nominated Time, a Speed can be worked out
Distance travelled divided by the Speed gives us a Time
Describe the factors that affect the duration of twilight
With increasing latitude, the period of twilight increases. At the tropics the change from darkness to light and vice versa are somewhat abrupt or fast.
After sunrise in the tropics, the sun rises more steeply to the horizon than in the higher latitudes, where it rises at a more oblique angle.
6.14.2(f) Magnetic heading;
An aircraft’s heading is the direction that the aircraft’s nose is pointing in relation to Magnetic North
6.12.2(f) AGL;
AGL stands for above ground level
When using AGL, we are referring to our height above the ground
6.10.4(b) Place/bearing/distance;
When making a position report in relation to a bearing and distance, an accurate bearing to or from a position, place or navigation aid; with a distance gives an accurate position report.
6.8.4. Explain the difference between speed and velocity.
Speed is the rate at which distance changes over time.
Velocity is the speed and direction of particular object
A statute mile is a unit of length, equal to 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards (1,609 meters)
It has no relationship to angular measurements and its practical application in navigation at the present time is nil.
6.2.4(e) Define and identify on a diagram of the Earth: Meridians of longitude;
Meridians of longitude form half of an imaginary great circle on the Earth’s surface, starting at the North Pole and ending at the South Pole, connecting points of equal longitude
Longitude describes the location of a place East or West from the Prime Meridian, a line which runs between the poles and through Greenwich, England; which acts as a datum.
Longitude increases as you leave the Prime Meridian (0 degrees) going East (0 to 180 degrees) and decreases as you head West (0 to -180 degrees), until they meet at 180 degrees.
Describe the method of operation of Primary RADAR. Describe the method of operation of Secondary RADAR.
Primary RADAR works on the “echo” principal, where signals from the ground-based RADAR aerial strike an aircraft and scatter in many directions. Some of these will return to the Radar aerial.
The time taken between signals leaving the aerial and the “echo” being received is an indication of distance
Secondary Radar relies on a piece of equipment aboard the aircraft known as a “Transponder” which instantly sends a RADAR response signal back to the RADAR installation.
Time taken between signal leaving the aerial and the response being received is function of distance and location.