Fold a map in a manner appropriate for a VFR cross-country flight.
When flying a VFR cross-country flight, it is vital that the map is folded in a manner that allows quick viewing of the selected route and surrounding features; and is small enough that it does not impair the controls or visibility in the cockpit.
1:60 rule computations
The 1 in 60 Rule is based on the assumption that 1 nm subtends at an angle of 1 degree at a distance of 60nm
1nm off in 60 nm = 1 degree
In typical situations if you know how far you have travelled and how far off track you are, you can determine the Track Error.
If you know the Track Error and the Distance you can determine the Distance off-track
60 / Distance Gone = Track Error / Distance Off
Some pet calculations for division..
For example what is 15 / 3 = ??
To calculate this on the wizz wheel, setup 15 over 3 and now you have a ratio. Simply find the 1 or 10 on the inside and, the answer is on the outside.
Example 1.
1. Find the 15 on the outside scale
2. On the inside line up the 3 or 30
Describe the Factors that affect the Times of Sunrise and Sunset (daylight)
Seasons and latitude effect times of sunrise and sunset.
During summer the beginning of MCT is earlier and the end of ECT is later (days are longer, nights are shorter).
The opposite occurs during winter. This season effect is affected by latitude, as the seasonal effect has less effect at the equatorial regions and greater at the Poles eg 24 hr light during summer.
Because the Earth’s axis is inclined to the sun, different latitudes on the same given meridian have the same Local Mean Time but different periods of daylight and darkness.
It is also worth noting, that surrounding terrain effect sunrise and sunset times. On flat terrain, where there is a flat visible horizon, as soon as the sun rises it is visible; where as next to a large mountain or similar, it may take minutes if not more, for the sun to become visible.
6.14.2(e) True heading;
An aircraft’s heading is the direction that the aircraft’s nose is pointing in relation to True North
6.12.2(e) Ground level;
Ground level is defined as the mean elevation of the selected area or ground feature.
This elevation is taken from mean sea level, and gives us the height of the ground.
6.10.4(a) Place name;
Place names are used for means of visual navigation with the ground.
Certain known towns, cities, land features alike are used to make position reports, which all pilots in the area are aware of and know the position. This ensures when pilots make position reports, other pilots know where they are.
6.8.2(e) True airspeed (TAS).
The true airspeed (TAS; also KTAS, for knots true airspeed) of an aircraft is the speed of the aircraft relative to the airmass in which it is flying.
The nautical mile is defined as the length of an arc of a great circle which subtends an angle of 1 minute (of a degree) at the centre of the Earth.
Simplified; if you draw a 1 minute angle from the centre of the Earth along a great circle, then the distance along the Earths surface will be 1 nautical mile.
Due to the compression of the Earth, the arc at the poles is ‘flatter’ and therefore slightly longer (6108ft) where at the equator it is slightly smaller (6046ft)
The nautical mile is the primary unit for indicating distances in aviation.
The distance for a nautical mile is 6076 feet, however for practical purposes, it is taken as 6080 feet (1852m)
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Magnetic Deviation, is where the plane’s compass will deviate from the actual Magnetic direction. The error induced in a compass by local magnetic fields within your aircraft (e.g headset, radios etc) Compass Direction = Degrees C Lets take a closer look at this aircraft Deviation Card. Example 1: For Magnetic 090 need to steer 092. East is Least and West is Best applies here too. so on 090°M there is a deviation of 2°W to get 092°C Example 2: And for Magnetic 225 we need to steer 222. Remembering! East is Least and West is Best.
so on 225°M there is a deviation of 3°E to get 222°C |
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Example 1
Example 2