Calculate the maximum fuel endurance. Navigation Procedures - VFR
To calculate the maximum fuel endurance for a flight, first we must work out the fuel onboard the aircraft, or the maximum fuel we can carry.
With this fuel on board, we can work out our endurance by dividing our fuel on board by our fuel burn.
This will give us an amount of time we can stay in the air for. (-reserves)
Compute fuel consumption, given the burn rate and time. Explain: Fuel Consumption
Fuel Calculations are basically the same as Distance , Time and Speed
just swap DISTANCE for FUEL
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Example 1. Our Cessna is burning 25 litres an hour, what will this aircraft burn in 90 minutes? |
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1. Find the 25 on the outside
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3. Find the 90 minutes on the inside time scale. 4. Read off the outside 37.5, which the litres this aircraft would use in 90 minutes or 1.5 hours. |
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6.14.2(l) Wind Correction Angle;
Wind correction angle (WCA) is the correction angle to allow for drift to fly a planned track.
6.12.8. State and apply the altimeter setting rules in New Zealand.
When flying in New Zealand, we fly using the zone QNH (in reference to sea level) for operations at and below
13,000 ft. There are 11 QNH zones throughout the country, and can be found in the AIPNZ ENR 1.7-2.
Thus all aircraft flying at and below 13,000 ft fly at an altitude.
When flying 15,000 ft or above, the altimeter is set to QNE (1013hPa) and all aircraft fly at pressure altitudes called flight levels.
Flight level 150 (near enough to 15,000 ft) is known as the ‘transition level’ and is the lowest pressure altitude for level cruise.
The airspace between 13,000 ft and FL150 is known as the transition layer, and is not available for level flight.
When descending through FL150 the altimeter is set to QNH (zone QNH), and when climbing through 13,000 ft the altimeter is set to QNE (1013hPa).
This arrangement is in place so as all aircraft are on the same subscale setting.
6.4.6(h) Compass direction;
Compass direction is the horizontal direction expressed as an angular distance measured from compass North.
Compass direction is measured by means of a freely rotating magnetized needle that points towards magnetic North. The compass suffers from a form of error called deviation, which is not normally more than 4 degrees.
Eg. Your Aircraft Compass
State the Legal Minimum Fuel Reserves required on a VFR Cross-Country Flight.
The legal minimum fuel reserves for VFR flight in the day is 30 minute flight time.
The legal minimum reserve for VFR flights in the night is 45 minutes flight time.
Compute rate of descent required to achieve a given height loss over time.
To calculate a required rate of descent, we must first calculate the total altitude loss.
We then divide the total altitude change, by the required time to achieve this change.
This division will give us a rate of descent / climb (generally in feet per minute)
6.14.2(k) Starboard;
Starboard is the Right side of the aircraft when looking from behind, and is distinguished by a green light.
6.12.6. Explain the effect of a change in temperature on the altimeter reading of a transiting aircraft.
Generally what is happening here is, in warm air the air expands and cold air it compresses Also this effects the pressure lapse rates. Which in turn affects the accuracy of our altimeter.
When you transit from an area of higher temperature to an area with a lower temperature your altimeter will “over read”. As in this case your altimeter will tell you are that 2,000 ft, where in fact you have descended to 1,400 ft. a lot closer to the ground. Cold air has a higher temperature lapse rate.
This is why most instrument approaches used by airlines have minimum temperature below which the approach is not to be carried out.
The easiest way to recall this is to think of the altimeter acting like the atmosphere; colder temperatures are experienced higher in the atmosphere, so the altimeter will also read higher than your actual altitude. Meaning you are lower than what you think you are
Note: Very dangerous
When you transit from an area of lower temperature to an area with a higher temperature your altimeter will “under read”. As in this case it will tell you are that 2,000ft, where in fact you have climbed to 2,700ft.
The easiest way to remember this is to think of the altimeter acting like the atmosphere; high temperatures are nomally lower in the the atmosphere, so the altimeter will also read lower than your actual altitude. meaning that you are higher than the altitude indicated. Dangerous with regard to local terrain.
Describe the Techniques for Map Reading in Flight.
Success depends on thorough knowledge of; direction, distance, groundspeed, selection and identification of landmarks and checkpoints.
Use a ruler marked with scales; measure distances with your thumb, or some navigation computers have distance scales on edges of the wind side.
In the cockpit place the chart on your lap to align the track you are following, with the ground that you are flying over.
You want to be referencing features on the ground with features on the map, and obtaining position fixes.