4.63.8 Describe the normal separation standards applied by ATC. AIP ENR
The three methods through which aircraft can be separated are visual, horizontal and vertical separation.
Normal separation standard applied by ATC requires vertical separation below FL 290 to be at least 1000 ft apart
Horizontal separation can be achieved by distance or time limits between aircraft, using different tracks or placing in different geographical areas or using radar] separation
Vertical separation in controlled airspace between an IFR aircraft and a VFR aircraft which are both small and below 4500 ft is 500 ft apart
The minimum horizontal distance between aircraft at similar levels when radar separation is provided is 5 NM
4.63.6 Describe the situations where the pilot-in-command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic. AIP ENR
The Pilot in Command is responsible for maintaining separation from other traffic;
- when pilots are in direct communication with ATC unit on same frequency, and both flights remain in VMC and both pilots concur with the procedure.
- when under IFR outside controlled airspace,
- when operating flights during the day-time,
- when a radar controlled service is not available,
- when following a specific request made by a pilot
4.63.4 Describe the situations where Air Traffic Control is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR traffic. AIP ENR
ATC is responsible for the provision of separation between VFR, SVFR and IFR flight and between IFR flights in classes A,C and D airspace
Separation is not provided by ATC during daylight hours in Class D airspace where flights have to be cleared to climb or descend subject to maintaining their own separation in VMC.
ATC is responsible for the provision of separation between IFR and VFR flights in class C airspace.
4.63.2 Describe the method of passing traffic information using the Clock Code.
The Clock Code is where the specific direction from one aircraft to another aircraft is expressed using the 12 hour clock
Each 5 minutes of the hour represents a 30 degree angle.
An aircraft on your right wingtip is said to be at 3 o’clock from the nose of the aircraft
Example: If there is an aircraft at 10 o’ clock position it is at 60 degrees to the left of the nose of the aircraft.
4.62.8 State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to re-entering controlled airspace. CAR 91 & AIP ENR
[vfr_Rule p1=”91.245″] [vfr_Rule p1=”91.247″]
AIP 1.1 8. Section one describes clearances in detail
Section 5 – clearance limits
eg if flying from controlled airspace and then into uncontrolled airspace, but need to enter another controlled airspace to complete the journey, you need clearance to re-enter controlled airspace
,
4.62.6 State the requirements for receiving an ATC clearance prior to entering various types of airspace, and ground manoeuvring area. CAR 91 & AIP ENR 1.1 8.1.2
8.1.2 Clearances (and compliance with them) are required by:
(a) all aircraft, helicopters, vehicles, equipment and pedestrians to
operate on the manoeuvring area at a controlled aerodrome when
ATC is in attendance;
(b) IFR flights in Class C or D airspace; and
(c) VFR flights in Class C or D airspace.
Rule 91.245 [vfr_Rule p1=”91.245″] and Rule 91.247 [vfr_Rule p1=”91.247″] prescribe that airspace in which an ATC
clearance is required
4.62.4 State the requirements for coordinating with an Aerodrome Flight Information Service. CAR 91.225 b & c [vfr_Rule p1=”91.225″]
- If equipped with radio, maintain two-way radio communications with that service on the prescribed frequency;
- advise that service of the intended use of that aerodrome before
- (i) taxiing on any portion of the manoeuvring area; or
- (ii) landing at or taking-off from any runway or heliport at
- that aerodrome; or
- (iii) entering the aerodrome traffic circuit at that aerodrome
- If not equipped with radio and Aerodrome Flight Information Service is in operation, you must advise that service of the intended use of the aerodrome before —
- (1) taxiing on to any portion of the manoeuvring area; and
- (2) entering the aerodrome traffic circuit at that aerodrome.
4.62.2 State the requirements for complying with ATC clearances and instructions. CAR 91 & AIP ENR 1.1 section 8.
- [vfr_Rule p1=”91.225″] aerodromes with air traffic services-
- obtain an ATC clearance from that service before—
- (i) taxiing on any portion of the manoeuvring area; or
- (ii) landing at or taking-off from any runway or heliport at that aerodrome; or
- (iii) entering a control zone.
- [vfr_Rule p1=”91.241″] Compliance with ATC clearances and instructions-
- you must comply with any ATC clearance or instruction issued by the ATC unit
- except in accordance with an ACAS resolution advisory or a GPWS or TAWS alert,
- when a deviation is required for the safe operation , notify ATC as soon as possible.
- need not comply if compliance would cause the pilot to breach any rule in this Part.
- A pilot who elects not to comply with the airspace in which a clearance or instruction as above, must immediately notify the appropriate ATC unit of the non-compliance.
- [vfr_Rule p1=”91.245″] [vfr_Rule p1=”91.247″] prescribe the airspace in which an ATC
clearance is required.
AIP 1.1 8. Section one describes clearances in detail
- Section two readback requirements
- Section Three IFR clearance contents
- Section four Standard Route Clearance Delivery System
- Section five IFR Clearance Limit
- Section six Route Instructions
- Section seven Level Instructions
- Section eight IFR Departure Instructions
- Section nine IFR Departures from Aerodromes/Heliports in Uncontrolled Airspace
4.60.16 State the communications requirements when TIBA procedures are in force. AIP ENR Emergency procedures 1.15 8
- 8.1.1 TIBA are reports and information transmitted by pilots for the
information of pilots of other aircraft in the vicinity following a significant
disruption to air traffic or telecommunication services
- In event of failure of ATS coms, initiate TIBA procedures. only when necessary and as a temporary
measure. If circumstances permit, introduction of TIBA will be by NOTAM
- follow frequency instructions issued by ATS. if none, refer
to the TIBA Frequency Map. ENR 1.15
- Broadcast..
- (a) 10 minutes before entering TIBA airspace or, for a pilot taking off
from an aerodrome located within the lateral limits of TIBA airspace,
as soon as appropriate prior to or after take-off;
- (b) 10 minutes prior to, and crossing any reporting point;
- (c) at 10 minute intervals between reporting points;
- (d) 10 minutes prior to crossing or joining an ATS route;
- (e) where possible 2 to 5 minutes before a change in flight level or
altitude;
- (f) at the time of a change in flight level or altitude;
- (g) when reaching new flight level or altitude; and
- (h) at any other time considered necessary by the pilot.
- The information to be broadcast in a TIBA is detailed in Table
ENR 1.15-1
- The broadcasts should not be acknowledged unless a potential
collision risk is perceived.
- Follow instructions regarding changes in cruise levels , Collision Avoidance manoeuvres and normal position reporting 1.15.8 (9)(10)(11)
4.60.14 State the meaning of the various light signals from a control tower. CAR 91 & AIP AD
- [vfr_Rule p1=”91.243″]
- Each pilot of an aircraft shall comply with the clearance or instruction specified for ATC light signals in Table 1.
- Table AD 1.9-1
Visual Signals
Colour and Type of
Signal Aicraft in Flight Aircraft on the
Aerodrome
Steady green Cleared to land Cleared for take-off
Steady red Give way to other
aircraft Stop
and continue
circling
Series of green flashes Return for landing * Cleared to taxi
Series of red flashes Aerodrome unsafe —
do not land Taxi clear of landing
area in use
Series of white flashes Land at this aerodrome
and Return to starting point on aerodrome
proceed to
apron
Series of alternate red
and green flashes Danger — be on the
alert Danger — be on the
alert
Red pyrotechnic Notwithstanding any
previous
instructions
do not land for the
time being
circling means continue tracking via the aerodrome traffic circuit.
Do not orbit in position.
* Clearance to land and taxi will be given in due course