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18.12.2 Define:

18.12.2 Define:
(a) indicated altitude;
(b) true altitude;
(c) pressure altitude (PA);
(d) density altitude (DA);
(e) flight level (FL);
(f) transition altitude;
(g) transition layer;
(h) transition level;
(i) QNH;
(j) QFE.

18.10.2 Define a waypoint (WPT).

18.10.2 Define a waypoint (WPT).

18.8.2 Define: (a) a knot (kt);



Knots are used as a measurement of speed.


1 knot = 
1 nautical mile per hour (by definition), 
1.852 kilometres per hour (exactly), 


1.151 miles per hour (approximately). 



 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
18.6.2 Define the various units of distance used in aviation


         
    


     
    

        
18.6.2 Define the various units of distance used in aviation and the application of each.




 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
18.4.2 Define: (a) relative bearing;


         
    


     
    

        
18.4.2 Define:
(a) relative bearing;
(b) back bearing.





A relative bearing is a bearing relative to the nose of the aircraft.




Nose =360° , left wing =90°   Tail =180° etc..




              
                1020304050607080E100110120130140150160170S190200210220230240250260W280290300310320330340350True1020304050607080E100110120130140150160170S190200210220230240250260W280290300310320330340350Mag.
		
		 90 R° 180 R° 



              
                1020304050607080E100110120130140150160170S190200210220230240250260W280290300310320330340350True1020304050607080E100110120130140150160170S190200210220230240250260W280290300310320330340350Mag.
		
		 210 R° 300 R° 



relbearing

 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
(a) Great Circles


         
    


     
    

        
.Great Circles


A Great Circle is any circle drawn onto a map which cuts the earth through the center. Following the path of a great circle drawn between two points is the shortest possible path to any location.


All Meridian of Longitude and also Great Circlesmeridian of longitude

 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
More 1 in 60 Rule Examples


         
    


     
    

        


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 10 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 2 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 10nm ->| off track by 2nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 21. Distance of 104. and  read off = 12 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 10 is under 30mn then your degress would be aleast double 2 e.g.(4) 


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 20 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 5 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 20nm ->| off track by 5nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 51. Distance of 204. and  read off = 15 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 20 is under 30mn then your degress would be aleast double 5 e.g.(10) 


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 70 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 15 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 70nm ->| off track by 15nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 151. Distance of 704. and  read off = 12.9 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 70 is over 60mn and less then 120nm then your degress would be somewhere between 15  to half of 15 e.g.(8)


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 100 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 4 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 100nm ->| off track by 4nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 41. Distance of 1004. and  read off = 2.4 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 100 is over 60mn and less then 120nm then your degress would be somewhere between 4  to half of 4 e.g.(2)



 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
6.4 Direction on the Earth


         
    


     
    

        
6.4. Direction on the Earth




Direction is defined as the course, track or line along which an object moves or must be taken by the object to reach a destination. 


If we fly in a given direction, we require a fixed datum line upon which direction can be based. 

 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
1 in 60 Rule – Example B


         
    


     
    

        
These Examples are very good as practice calculations.


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 10 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 5 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 10nm ->| off track by 5nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 51. Distance of 104. and  read off = 30 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 10 is under 30mn then your degress would be aleast double 5 e.g.(10) 


Your issue now is this
You have travel a distance of 120 along your track, 
 HOWEVER found that you are off your intend track by 10 mn
* 60nm * Distance of 120nm ->| off track by 10nm
	 

              
                101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252530303535404045455050555560607070808090902. and off by 101. Distance of 1204. and  read off = 5 Degress 3. locate 60 
You need to do a quick mental calculation first ...
Seen as your distance of 120 is over 60mn and less then 120nm then your degress would be somewhere between 10  to half of 10 e.g.(5)

 
        

         
    

     

    


  


    

        
6.4.12 Explain the processes, cautions and limitations when deriving track distances and bearings from a chart.


         
    


     
    

        
6.4.12. Explain the processes, cautions and limitations when deriving track distances and  bearings from a chart. 




When measuring track distances on a chart, make sure you measure in the middle of your track, that you measure accurately, and that you use the correct scale of ruler. 




When measuring bearings, make sure you line the protractor up with True North, and that you accurately read off the track line against the bearing. 



NWESBegining (X)Ending (X)Middle (✔)