22.2.4 Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities; and
(a) explain and or apply vector addition and subtraction;
(b) demonstrate understanding and ability to resolve vector diagrams or problems.

Different between…

Scalar : is just a magnitude, “Speed”  or Distance etc.

Vector : (Velocity) Has both a “Direction” and “Speed”. 

(a) an examples of doing additions (+) with vectors

With a simple Scalar examples….

These examples here is a Aircraft  Air Speed (black line) and the wind speed (blue line) equals the  Aircraft Ground Speed(red line)

Adding vector quantities.

This examples here is a Aircraft ‘s Heading and Air Speed (black line).  

The wind’s Direction and Speed (blue line),

 equals the  Aircraft’s Track across the ground and Ground Speed(red line)

To resolve vector each vector needs to be  head to tail  and in scale

Vector Diagram showing the wind Triangle.

(b) resolving vector diagrams.

Resultant Force , resolved into “Lift” and “Drag”

 We often use these vectors to explain modes of flight

 straight and level, turning, navigation, etc

Thus an easy way for us to explain and resolve forces (draw up and see what actually going on),

Sweep-back:

Sweep-Back helps with lateral stability,

Sweep-Back and lateral movement causes a different change in aspect ratio of each wing,

that create the correcting roll to slow/stop the lateral movement

Sweepback refers to the angle at which an aircraft’s wing is set back from a right angle to the body. Sweepback helps the aircraft gain lateral stability, therefore righting it if it is disturbed in roll. 

In the diagram, you can see that when an aircraft rolls and slips, the relative airflow doesn’t meet the aircraft directly head on. This means, the effective span, and therefore the aspect ratio of each wing is different. 

Aspect ratio = span / mean chord line

This means, the lower wing has a higher aspect ratio, and therefore produces more lift, this in turn raises the lower wing back to straight and level. 

22.2.2

Why do we need to have an understanding of aeroscience:

To achieve a constant and clear understanding of aviation science and flight measurement, it is important to be familiar with accepted aviation units of measurements.

Units of measurement. State;

(a) the International System (SI) units for length, mass, time and temperature (°K and °C);

Length: metre (m)

Mass: kilogram (kg)

Time: seconds (s)

Temperature: degrees Celsius (°C) / Kelvin (°K)  (0°C = 273°K)

(b) the derivation of the SI units for force, pressure, power, and the non-SI units;

Force: newton (N)

Pressure: pascal (Pa)

Power: watt (W)

(c) Altitude, navigation distance and speed;  /??/  (c) foot, nautical mile, knot and horsepower.

Altitude: feet (ft)

Navigation distance: nautical miles (nm)

Speed: Knots (kt)

These units of measurement are used throughout our study of Principles of Flight

.

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CPF=m x v² / r 

CPF=mass x velocity²/ radius 

CPF= Wv²/g ‘r’

So, we can see that the strength of our centripetal force, depends on the mass of our object (heavier it is the more force is required to keep it on our curved flight path) the velocity (faster it’s flying the harder it is to keep on our curved flight path) and the radius of the circle (a tighter circle / shorter distance will require more force to keep it on the flight path)

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