Archives: Theory Courses

Introduction to circuits Briefing

Learn to takeoff, carry out an approach and land while following published procedures.

* * * Introduction to circuits * * *

Objective:(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)To takeoff and follow published proceduresthat conform to the aerodrome traffic circuit,avoiding conflict with other aircraft. To carry out an approach and landing using the most suitable runway.
CONSIDERATIONS : Take off(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)Slipstream Strikes tail and yaws aeroplane Torque Tries to rotate aeroplane and yaws aeroplane CrosswindTries to weathercock aeroplane, Keeping straight With rudder as required,look ahead(Reference Point) Runway length / Surface / SlopeCalculated length required for takeoff Headwind Reduces takeoff roll - always takeoff into wind increases climb angle TailwindIncreases takeoff roll Greatly Reduced climb angle Takeoff into wind To minimise ground rolland distance to 50ft Power Full power for maximum performanceFlap As required
CONSIDERATIONS : Landing(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)WindInto wind to reduce ground roll and distance from 50ft FlapIncrease Lift and Drag, lower stall speed and lower nose attitude Power ControlsRate of Descent, with more airflow over elevator and rudder BrakesOn ground onlyRunway lengthCalculated length required for landing
2. Airmanship(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)* ATC / Traffic * Checklists
2. Airmanship Right of Way (Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Right of Way rules Aircraft taking off and landing have right of way over all other traffic, Aircraft landing have right of way over aircraft taking off, Aircraft established in the circuit have right of way over joining traffic, The good aviation practice considerations of avoiding overtaking or cutting in, and The application of the right of way rules while taxiing.
2. Airmanship Downwind checks(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)B - Brakes Brake pressure checked, park brake offU - Undercarriage Down and lockedM - Mixture Mixture richP - Pitch FixedF - Fuel Fuel on fullest tank, fuel pump on,pressure checked, Primer LockedH - Harnesses & Hatches Seatbelt secure and doorscanopy closedL - Lookout L - Lights 4. Human FactorsLanding cues Workload / PrioritiesAviate -> Navigate -> Communicate
AIR EXERCISE: Startup / Taxi(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)1. Pre-Flight 2. Start-Up Checks 3. Taxing Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- At Hangar - Taxing to the Apron- For a Runup.
Runup / Pre-Take-off(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)1. Runup ChecksCheck List in the Aircraft 2. Pre-Take-off Checks Aircraft Check List 3. Line-up Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Entering and back tracking runway (27/09)
1. Takeoff(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Pre-take off briefing Consider - Wind, what do in an emergency Rolling Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Rolling (27/09)- Remaining in the Circuit Line up ChecksReference Points / Direction Indicator (DI)WindKeep Straight
2. Climb Out(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) SEPARATION from other Traffic After takeoff checks Flaps - upFuel Pumps -off 450ft -Lookout Turn at 500ft AGL
3. Cross Wind Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Tracking (90° to the runway center line)Watch other traffic - joining downwind
4. Downwind Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Straight and Level at 1000ft Downwind Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- Downwind (27/09) (Seal/Grass)- Touch and Go or Full Stop Landing Downwind Checks Consider - Spacing form other Aircraft
5. Before Turning Base(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) (Adjust depending on wind)Carb. Heat HotPower to 1700rpmWhite Arc - FlapAttitude for 65 ktsTurn on to base whenrunway approx 45°
6. Base Leg(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) Tracking (90° to the runway center line) 1. Speed 65kts - Attitude / Elevator 2. Rate Of Decent - Power / Flap
7.On Final(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)Turn not Below 500ft Full flap or as required Final Radio Call- Whakatane Traffic- Aircraft(MDS/LMR)- On final for (Seal/Grass) (27/09)- Touch and Go Remaining in the Circuit Carb Ht Cold / check Wind Sock.
8. Landing:(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits) a)Power off a) Level Off transfer sight fromaim pt to look wellahead at ref. point b) Hold Off - Adjust back pressure to control sink rate - Land on main wheels- Gently lower nose wheel- Maintain centreline- Brakes as required
Key Points(Briefing:Introduction to Circuits)key:Circuits IntroductionCONSIDERATIONS : Take offSlipstream/Torque,Wind,Power Full ,Flap ,Runway length / Surface / SlopeCONSIDERATIONS : LandingWind,Flap,Power Controls,Brakes,Runway length,Calculated length required for landing,Wind ShearCheck list:Pre-Flight,Start-Up Checks,Runup Checks,Pre-Take-off Checks,pre-take off briefing1. TakeoffReference Points / Direction Indicator (DI)Wind, Keep Straight2. Climb OutAfter takeoff checks Flaps - up, Fuel Pumps -off450ft -Lookout, Turn at 500ft AGL3. Cross Wind LegTracking (90° to the runway center line)Watch other traffic - joining downwind 4. Downwind LegStraight and Level at 1000ftDownwind Radio Call,Downwind Checks5. Before Turning Base(Adjust depending on wind)Carb. Heat Hot, Power to 1700rpmWhite Arc - Flap, Attitude for 65ktsTurn on to base when,runway approx 45°6. Base LegTracking (90° to the runway center line)1. Speed 65kts - Attitude / Elevator2. Rate Of Decent - Power / Flap7.On Final (Turn not Below 500ft)Full flap or as requiredCarb. Ht Cold / check Wind Sock.8. Landing:Power off - Level off - Hold Off

Glide approach Briefing

Learn to complete a landing without power from late downwind.

* * * Glide approach * * *

Objective(Briefing:Glide approach) To complete a landing without engine power from the late downwind and 500ft area. Review Previous Exercises.
CONSIDERATIONS:Lift/Drag Ratio(Briefing:Glide approach)Glide best(in No Wind) at Best Lift to Drag Ratio
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS(Briefing:Glide approach)Strong Headwind on Final:Lower nose to increase Airspeed & Ground Speed Wind Shear on Final:Lower nose to increase Airspeed Lift/Drag Ratio is Reduced by:1. FlapShouldn\'t have to do these if glide is done correctly2. S-Turn3. Sideslip (if permitted)4. Airspeed - increase (’push down’)
Airmanship etc.(Briefing:Glide approach)Airmanship- Aeroplane safety in doubt-go around- Not automatic right-of-way- No pax- Adjustments for slope Aeroplane Management- Carb heat HOT- No engine warms
HUMAN FACTORS:(Briefing:Glide approach)Vision - depth perception - Anticipate round outRunway as It Appears from Different Angles
AIR EXERCISE: Downwind(Briefing:Glide approach) Downwind- Nominate 1/3 aim point- Pick a 600ft point - Check spacing- Normal downwind checks Late Downwind- Carb heat hot- Reduce some power (2000 rpm)- Maintain height- Trim
AIR EXERCISE: Approach(Briefing:Glide approach)At 1000’ (AGL) Area- Throttle closed- Commence turn to base- Assess approach, aiming 1/3 in At about 600ft (AGL)able to reach 1/3 area easily without flap- Modify the touchdown point1. Flaps(Backup options)2. S-turn3. Sideslip (if permitted) After Landing or During Go-around- Consider options - Maximum braking- KEEP THE CABIN INTACT

Slow flight Briefing

Learn to maintain straight and level and turn at low airspeed in various configurations.

* * * Slow flight * * *

Objectives(Briefing:Slow flight)To slow the aeroplane and maintain Straight and Levelat low airspeed (1.2VS +20%) or Above the Stall Warning. To maintain Straight and Level at low airspeedin various configurations. To maintain a constant altitude whileturning at low airspeed. To return to normal operating airspeeds.
Principles of Flight(Briefing:Slow flight)Power + Attitude = Performance Lift = Angle of Attack x Airspeed As airspeed decreases angle of attack must increase to maintain levelWith a high nose attitude Thus a little extra power required
Principles of Flight 2(Briefing:Slow flight)Fly the aeroplane at a slow speed,but above the stall - next lesson Compared to Normal Straight and Level - less control effectiveness - larger inputs required - slipstream effects less - maintain balance - medium level turns need additional power
Airmanship(Briefing:Slow flight) - 20°/2 second scan - Aeroplane position in training area - Warning symptoms of approaching stall - HASELL checksH- Height Not less than 2500 feet above ground levelA- Airframe Configuration - clean or flapS- Security No loose articles, harnesses secureE- Engine Oil Temperatures and pressures normal, mixture rich, _fuel sufficient and on fullest tankL- LocalityNot over a populated area and clear of known traffic areas, including airfieldsL- Lookout One 180°, or two 90°, clearing turns to ensure other traffic will not result in conflict
Aeroplane Management / Human Factors(Briefing:Slow flight) Aeroplane Management - Smooth but positive throttle and control movements - Carb heat - Engine operating temperatures - Use of flap - power requirements Human Factors - High level of concentration - Unfamiliar high nose attitudes
Air Exercise(Briefing:Slow flight) Power + Attitude = Performance Slowing to S + L at Low Airspeed P- Power Carb Heat - reduce to decelerate A- Attitude increases as aeroplane slows - maintain level T- Trim to relieve back pressure - Attitude to maintain Speed (60kts) 55kts with Flaps - Adjust power to maintain height
Air Exercise. Maintaining S/L and Turning at Low Airspeed(Briefing:Slow flight)Maintaining Straight and LevelL- Lookout A- Attitude I- Instruments Turning - To maintain level Lift must Increase, Drag will Increase, More power required - Ailerons will need to be deflected more for the same roll rate.thus Adverse yaw more noticeable, control with rudder
Air Ex. Returning to Cruise(Briefing:Slow flight)Procedure...P- Power increase to full power, balance with rudderA- Attitudelower nose to level attitudeT- Trim to relieve pressure Reduce to cruise power, balance with rudder - Lookout - Attitude - Instruments Repeat Air Exercise with 20° flaps at 55kts.
Take Aways(Briefing:Slow flight) Slowing to S + L at Low Airspeed Maintaining S/L at Low Airspeed Turning at Low Airspeed Returning to Cruise Power + Attitude = Performance As airspeed decreases angle of attack must increase to maintain levelWith a high nose attitude Thus little extra power required Fly the aeroplane at a slow speed,but above the stall - next lesson - Less control effectiveness - larger inputs required - Slipstream effects less - maintain balance - Medium level turns need additional power

Medium turns Briefing

Learn to change direction at 30 degrees of bank, maintaining altitude and balance.

* * * Medium turns * * *

Objectives. (Briefing:Medium turns) To change direction through 360° at a constant rate - using 30° degrees angle of bank - while maintaining a constant altitude and keeping the aeroplane in balance. To complete a medium turn whileClimbing and Descending.
Principles of Flight(Briefing:Medium turns) Weight Lift - In order to turn, you need to create a force towards the centre of the turn Weight Lift Aircraft is in a ...<<Bank Angle 25Speed 85ktsStall (Level) 42ktsIn the Turn ... Stall 42 Kts 100%Loading 1 GRadius 1376 FtRate 6 '/Sec - Bank the aeroplaneHorizontal Component of Liftprovides the force - Vertical Component of Lift reduced Weight Lift CF thus more Lift is required by↑ angle of attack slightlyto maintain heightand accept slight ↓ in speed
Adverse Yaw(Briefing:Medium turns) Increased Lift on up-going wing, also means ↑ Drag causing adverse Yaw (yaw away from turn) Apply Rudder in the direction of the turnto balance adverse yaw (only required when the ailerons are deflected) Only while rolling, an aircraft is affected by Adverse Yaw.
Overbanking(Briefing:Medium turns) - Outer wingtravels further/faster resulting in more Liftand a tendency for the aircraft toroll into the turn - May need to “Hold Off“ bankusing opposite ailerons
Climbing Turn(Briefing:Medium turns) Compromise between- Rate of Climb- Rate of Turnas both ↑ Drag. When climbing and turning, angle of bank must be reducedMaximum of 20°, use 15°
Supplementary Considerations.(Briefing:Medium turns)Airmanship- 20° per 2 second scan technique- Lookout and Listen-out- Situational Awareness (SA) - 360° turns, position, altitude, weather- VFR Minima, Visibility - 5km, clear of cloud (below 3000ft)Aeroplane Management- Smooth and positive throttle movements- Use of carb heatHuman Factors- 360° turns to minimise disorientation- Turning sensationIn I’M SAFE what is S?S - Stress
Air Exercise(Briefing:Medium turns)Adverse Yaw- Demonstration onlyNo RudderToo much RudderBad Timing RudderSweet Spot Left Turn Right Turn
Air Exercise - Medium Level Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)Reference Point and Reference Altitude Entry- From straight and level (S+L)- Lookout- Roll with aileron to 30° Angle of Bank- Balance Adverse Yaw with rudder- Back pressure to maintain required attitude In Turn- “Check“ the ailerons and maintain balanceL - Lookout - for TrafficA - Attitude - Both Pitch and RollI - Instruments - X/check Only- Angle of bank controlled with aileron- Altitude controlled with back pressureExit- Look for reference point- Anticipate roll-out by half the angle of bank- Roll wings level- Balance with rudder- Relax back pressure - to reset S+L attitude
Air Exercise - Climbing Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)- Establish in a climb - Lookout - Roll with aileron to 15° AoB - Balance with rudderIn a climb, normally there already is a little Right Rudder - reduce Attitude to maintain speed
Air Exercise - Descending Turn(Briefing:Medium turns)- Establish in glide - Lookout - Roll with aileron to 30° Angle of Bank - Balance with rudder - reduce Attitude to maintain speed
Take Aways(Briefing:Medium turns) Enter From S+L- Lookout- Rolling with aileron to 30° AoBBalance with rudder (Adverse Yaw)- Back pressure to Maintain attitudeIncrease slightly Maintaining L = Lookout - reference point + trafficA = Attitude - check correctI = Instruments - Balance, airspeed, altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s.Exit - Look for reference point- Anticipate rollout by half the angle of bank- Roll wings levelBalance with rudder- Relax back pressureReset S+L attitude- Check Power-Attitude-Trim To turn : Incline and Increase the lift.Consider : Adverse Yaw , OverbankClimbing Turn : Compromize, Rate of Climb and Rate of Turn

Climbing and descending Briefing

Learn to enter a climb/descent from straight and level, maintain the climb/descent and level off at a pre-selected altitude.

* * * Climbing and descending * * *

Objectives(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Climbing1. How to enter a climb from straight and level 2. To maintain a steady climb- Constant Airspeed, Power & Direction- Wings level and in balance3. To level off at specific altitude Descending1. Enter a descent from Straight and Level 2. Maintain a steady descent ...- Constant Airspeed, Power & Direction- Wings level and in balance3. To level off at a pre-selected altitude
Principles of Flight - Forces in a Climb(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight w2 - Weight RWC - Rear-Ward Component of WeightW1 - Weight supported by Lift Weight Lift w2 w1 Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 - Thrust = Drag + RWC Thrust supports some of the weight - Lift = W1 Lift is less than Weight Climbing in equilibrium (not a zoom climb)
Principles of Flight - Climb Performance(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 Rate of climb(climb performance)depends on excess power available which is Thrust - Drag Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 An Increase in DragDecrease Performance as with Increase weightUse of Flap Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 A Decrease in PowerDecrease Performance Higher Altitudes Carb Heat - On
Principles of Flight - Wind Effects(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Altitude Distance Compare Altitude and Distance Altitude Distance No Wind to No Wind Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Head WindDistance is reduced , Altitude is same Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Tail Wind Tail WindDistance is increased , Altitude is same Thus wind affects climb angle and distance (to the Ground) in climband not the rate of climb.
Principles of Flight - Types of Climbs(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Distance Altitude Best RateDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) eg. best Feet per Minute Best AngleDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) Best Angle (x) Concerned with obstacle clearance Cruise ClimbDistance Altitude Best Rate (y) Best Angle (x) Cruise Good for x/country flightbetter ...Engine coolingVisibility
Principles of Flight - Descent(Briefing:Climbing and descending)- Aeroplane is in Weight Lift Drag w2 w1 equilibrium when descending - Flying speed maintained bylowering nose attitude as Forward Component of weight (FCW)acts the same as Thrustto balance the Drag
Descent Performance(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Weight Lift Thrust Drag w2 w1 Power Controls rate of descent Lift/Drag ratio (Efficiency of wing)steepness of glide Weight Increase weight Increase FCW - Increase speed down slope(all the forces just scale up) Weight Lift Drag w2 w1 Flap Needs Increase FCW to balance Drag - Increase rate of descent
Descent Affect of Wind(Briefing:Climbing and descending) Wind Effects Altitude Distance descent angle and range (same as in the climb)Altitude Distance No Wind Compare to “No Wind“ ... Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Head WindReduce Distance, Steeper Angle Altitude Distance No Wind Head Wind Tail Wind Tail WindIncrease Distance, Shallower Angle
Descent Configurations(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Power + Attitude = Performance Glide Idle Power: Idle+ Attitude: Glide Attitude= Performance of Glide@ 65kts Powered Power: 1500rpm+ Attitude: Approach Attitude= Performance ofReduced Rate of Descent@ 65kts Cruise Power: Cruise Power(or reduced slightly)+ Attitude:Cruise Descent Attitude = Performance :Descent@ 100-110kts
Airmanship / Aeroplane Management / Human Factors(Briefing:Climbing and descending)Airmanship - Situational awareness - what was, is, and will be - VFR Met minima - Minimum and maximum heights - Lookout - restrictionsIn I’M SAFE what is M?M - Medication Aeroplane Management - Smooth throttle movements - Mixture rich - Oil Temperatures and pressures Human Factors - Trapped gases in ears - Diving - Noise
Air Exercise - Climbing - Entry(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P- Powermixt rich, full power (wings level, in balance) A- Attitude climb attitude T- Trim to maintain attitude Airspeed controlled with attitude
Air Exercise - Climbing - Maintaining(Briefing:Climbing and descending) L - Lookout - Blind spot under the nose!A - Attitude - Required Higher Ref. Point or ref. off to the left sideI - InstrumentsChange - check - hold - trim
Air Exercise - Climbing - Exit(Briefing:Climbing and descending) A- Attitude select and hold S+L attitude, adjust asspeed increases, balanceP- Power wait for aeroplane to accelerate, then setcruise power, balanceT- Trimto hold S+L attitude
Air Exercise - Enter Descent from straight & level(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P= Power- Carb Heat, Close Throttle- maintain Straight and Level until 70kts Set glide attitude A= Attitude- maintain descent Attitude T= Trim- to maintain attitude - Assess and retrim Scan: Lookout - Attitude - Instruments
Maintaining a Descent(Briefing:Climbing and descending) L = Lookout - reference point + traffic A = Attitude - check correct I = Instruments - balance, airspeed, altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s.
Exit a descent to straight & level(Briefing:Climbing and descending) P= Power100ft to go- Carb Cold, 50ft to go- ↑ 2300 RPM- Smoothly select S & LA= Attitude- maintain AttitudeT= Trim- to maintain attitude
Demo Descent (Briefing:Climbing and descending) - Effect of Power - Flaps effect on rate of Descent
Take Aways(Briefing:Climbing and descending)More excess power available the better the climb performanceEntry to a ClimbP - Power - FullA - Attitude - ClimbT - Trim Maintaining a ClimbL - LookoutA - Attitude - ClimbI - Instruments - X/check only Exiting a Climb to Straight and LevelA - Attitude - select and hold S+L attitudeP - Power - wait for aeroplane to acceleratethen set cruise powerT - Trim - to hold S+L attitude Enter Descent (Glide)P = Power - Carb Heat, Close throttlemaintain Straight and Level until 70ktsSet glide attitudeA = Attitude - maintain descent Attitude T = Trim- to maintain attitude Maintaining a DescentL = Lookout - reference point + trafficA = Attitude - check correctI = Instruments - Balance, airspeed,altitude, RPM, T’s & P’s. Exit a descent to straight & levelP = Power - Carb Cold, to 2300 RPMA = Attitude - Smoothly select S & L T = Trim - to maintain attitude

Effects of Controls Briefing

Learn the effects of primary and ancillary controls on the aircraft.

* * * effects of controls * * *

Introduction(Briefing:Effects of controls)* * * Effects of Controls * * *This lesson is all about ... Introducing situational awarenessWhich is:What was,What is, andWhat will happen next “It is easy to fly precisely if you know whats going to happen next“ * * * Anticipation * * *
Objectives(Briefing:Effects of controls) To provide you with an understanding of how each primaryflying control affects the aircraft in flight ElevatorAileronsRudder and the effects of ancillary controls Use of the ThrottleHow to Trim the aircraftCorrect use of Flaps Operating the Carburettor Heatand Mixture control
3 Axes of Rotation (Briefing:Effects of controls)1. Pitches around the “Lateral Axis“ 2. Rolls around the “Longitudinal Axis“ 3. Yaws around the “Normal/Vertical Axis“ 3D world: In a turn, all Axes are in motion at the same time
1. Pitching(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Pitch the Aircraft ... Up- pull gently backward on the Control Column Down- Push gently forward on the Control Columnkeeping your eyes outside. Further effect of pitching is...Airspeed ChangeUp - aircraft will slow downDown - aircraft will speed up
2. Rolling(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Roll the Aircraft ...Gently turn the Control Columnin the direction you need to roll the aircraft.keeping your eyes outside. Further effect of rolling ...Slipsthen Yaws
3. Yawing(Briefing:Effects of controls) To Yaw the Aircraft ...Gently apply pressure onthe rudder pedalin the direction you wantto yaw the aircraft.keeping your eyes outside. Further effect of yawing ... Skidsthen Rolls
Effect of Airspeed(Briefing:Effects of controls) High Speed controls are ... Firm and effective (Straight and Level) Low Speed controls are ... Sloppy and less effective (Approach and Landing)
Slipstream(Briefing:Effects of controls) Increase PowerYaw to Left and Pitch up- then Roll left Reduce PowerYaw to Right and Pitch Down - then Roll right
Flaps(Briefing:Effects of controls) Flaps help us ...- Fly slower safer- Better forward visibility Lowering Flap - Pitching tendency- decrease in air speed Before lowering Flaps ..Check Flap Range (White Arc) Raising flaps will cause the aircraft tosink due to reduction of lift.
How to trim an aircraft(Briefing:Effects of controls) Trim only in steady flight(Not in transient eg. turns)Retrim when you change Attitude, Speed,Power, Flap setting or Weight. If you are holding Elevator pressure ...... backward pressure is relievedby winding the trim back/Down... forward pressure is relievedby winding the trim forward/Up
Airmanship(Briefing:Effects of controls) “I have control / you have control““follow me through“See and be seenClock code, + high or low.Land features
Airmanship - I’m Safe(Briefing:Effects of controls) IM SAFE I- Illness(Free of symptoms) M- Medication(Aviation approved meds only) S- Stress(Managing stress well) A- Alcohol or Drugs(Just NO) F- Fatigue(Good sleep management) E- Eating(Balanced diet) * * Your Personal Pre-flight * *
Aeroplane Management(Briefing:Effects of controls) Engine controls- throttle- mixture- carb heat Oil Temperatures and Pressures Flap speed - white arc Pre-flight inspection
Human Factors(Briefing:Effects of controls) Limitations on lookoutLimitations of memoryMore comfortable with practice/workloadUncoordinated lesson by nature
1. Air Ex - Attitude(Briefing:Effects of controls) Horizon is main reference Attitude flying by referencing nose and wings to the horizon
2. Air Ex - Effect of Primary Controls(Briefing:Effects of controls) ElevatorControl Column - PitchAilerons Control Column- Roll-> Slip then YawRudderRudder pedals- Yaw-> Skid then rolls Coordinated use of controls =a smooth flight
3. Air Ex - Effect of Airspeed(Briefing:Effects of controls) Low Airspeed - Controls light (Sloppy) and less effective - Large movements required High Airspeed - - Controls firm and effective - Smaller movements required
4. Observe training area boundaries(Briefing:Effects of controls)
5. Slipstream(Briefing:Effects of controls) High Power Elevator and Rudder more effectiveLow Power Elevator and Rudder less effective
6. Air Ex - Power(Briefing:Effects of controls)Increase PowerNose pitches up Yaws to the left Decrease powerNose pitches down Yaws to the right Stop all
7. Air Ex - Flaps(Briefing:Effects of controls) 1. Before lowering Flaps - Check Airspeed 2. Pitch Nose Down - Maintain Airspeed3. Trim. (Warning: Rise your flaps in stages) Will Demo! 10 Flaps 20 Flaps 30 Flaps
8. Elevator Trim(Briefing:Effects of controls) Holding ForwardTrim forward Holding BackTrim Back Rudder and aileron trim (if applicable)
9. Cabin heater, de-mister and fresh air vents(Briefing:Effects of controls)
Take Aways(Briefing:Effects of controls) 1. Pitch with the ElevatorEffects : Attitude / Speed 2. Roll with the AileronsFurther effect isSlip then a Yaw 3. Yaw with the RudderFurther effect isSkid then a Roll Low Airspeed - Controls light (Sloppy) and less effective High Airspeed - - Controls firm and effective Increase PowerNose pitches upYaws to the LeftDecrease powerNose pitches downYaws to the Right FlapsFly slower saferBetter forward visibilityElevator TrimAlways fly in trim

S/L Sequenece

Straight and Level Briefing

Learn to control your lift and maintain straight and level flight at a constant airspeed, altitude, direction and in balance.

* * * Straight and level * * *

Introduction(Briefing:Straight and level)* * * Straight and Level flight * * *This lesson is all about ... Lift How you can control lift, “Straight and Level flight is great to get your head around how lift works.“along with..“It is easy to fly precisely if you know whats going to happen next.“ * * * How the Wings / Lift works * * *
Objectives(Briefing:Straight and level) To establish and maintain straight and level flight, at a constant AirspeedAltitudeDirectionAnd in balance To maintain straight and level flight at various airspeeds Regaining straight and level flight after a disturbance
Principles of Flight - The Four Forces(Briefing:Straight and level) Straight and Level is achieved... when Lift = Weightand Thrust = Drag And with a constantairspeedand direction Aircraft is in Equilibrium
Principles of Flight - The Four Forces - Couples(Briefing:Straight and level)The Four Forces dont act through the same point andcause a Lift/Weight and Thrust Drag couple. The Tail Planebalances the Lift/Weight couple Thrust / Drag CoupleAdd to the mix.Drag Position can changeLow Wing Aircraft etc. More thrust - Pitch updue extra airflowover the tail plane.
Principles of Flight - Lift(Briefing:Straight and level)Air over the top accelerates compared to air passing under the wing Lift = CL ½ ρ V² S CL- Wing Shape and Angle of Attack ½- Air Compressibleρ- Air Density V²- Speed through the Air (Squared) S- Area of the Wing * * * Lift = Angle of attack x Airspeed * * *
Principles of Flight - Performance(Briefing:Straight and level) * * * Power + Attitude = Performance * * * Power:2300 + Attitude:Normal = Performance(Straight and Level(S/L) @ 80-90kts) Power:1800 + Attitude:Higher = Performance(S/L @ 60Kts) Power:2500 + Attitude:Lower = Performance(S/L @ 110kts)
Airmanship etc...(Briefing:Straight and level)AirmanshipLookout + Situational Awareness training area boundaries, clear of cloud“I have control / you have control“Aeroplane ManagementSmooth throttle movementsMixture richCarb heat Human FactorsBlind spotsNew learning consistently reinforced(in later lessons) In IM SAFE what is I?I- Illness
Air Exercise - Maintaining (Briefing:Straight and level) The following scan makes maintaining straight and level easy... L- LookoutReference Point A- Attitudethe S/L attitude I- Instruments to confirm - not setAltimeter, Direction and RPM Other instruments and gauges,less frequently (Oil Pressure and temperature , Amp etc)( 90% )( 10% )
Air Exercise - Establishing or Regaining(Briefing:Straight and level) Also this is a handy “check list“to sort out what\'s happened and fix any issues. P- Power set for straight and level A- Attitude elevator set nose attitudeaileron wings level relative to horizonrudder in balance “stand on the ball“ T- Trim to relieve pressure hands off
Air Exercise - At Different Airspeeds(Briefing:Straight and level)Any changes in power must be balanced with rudderWhile moving rudder wings must be kept level Power + Attitude = Performance 2200 RPM S/L @ 80-90 knots 1800 RPM S/L @ 60 knots _
Take Aways(Briefing:Straight and level) Maintaining with reference Point and AltitudeL- Lookout A- Attitude I- Instruments to confirm - not set Establishing or Regaining P- Power A- Attitude T- Trim Lift = Angle of attack x Airspeed Power + Attitude = Performance

Quiz for 2.10.2

Transmitting and Receiving Quiz

* * * Practices & Rules * * *

2.10
Practices & Rules